Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Indian Societies: Gender roles in the Ramayana Essay
In the early patriarchal era of the Ramayana, men dominated over the Indian societies. All areas of social prominence were entirely run by men in the form of warriors, priests and tribal chiefs. Women had very little or no power at all in the political and public arena. They were raised to look after their families as well as being dutiful wives. Women had the task of being loyal, faithful, loving and compassionate towards their husbands. Individual families were normally set up on a â€Å"Male authority†basis, with the husband and father determining fundamental conditions and making the key decisions for their well being. Women’s main role in society was that of influencing their family by providing love and affection to their husbands and children while the man was in charge of satisfying his family’s needs. Male oriented societal values allowed little or no space for women to express their interests and be influential in their everyday lives. Women were traditionally expected to serve their husbands and to have no autonomous interests. Only men could be rulers and leaders in the patriarchal society where the story of the Ramayana developed. Rama once said on his designation as prince regent: â€Å"Mother, my father has appointed me to the task of protecting the people†(Mack 584). This passage clearly illustrates how power was transferred from father to son in order to provide for the people’s needs and for the community as a whole. Rama then as a leader of society must enforce values among others and express his desire to bring remarkable attributes to the people that surround him. â€Å"Sovereignty falls to your share, too, for you are my second self†(585). The need for a sovereign ruler is thus expressed among the community and desired for all individuals in the society. Women were projected as passive victims of the male-ruled system in which they were trapped. Females were responsible for the well being of the family as a whole. Women were raised with a limited perception of their role and placement in the community. To be a respectful and a good house wife meant for these women to shed themselves of any ambitions and desires they might dream of. They had to conform to what was expected from them, which was to â€Å"have no identity besides being a wife or a mother†(Qazi). If they did not conform that way, they were subject to indignity while treated as mere objects whose main role was to tempt men into sin. History has proven that women were alienated if they did not conform according to what was expected of them. These kinds of women were stereotyped as villains or perceived as being tainted. Men were perceived as being in a role of power, no matter how large their families were. They were brought up with the belief that they were the sole providers for the family. Their failure to perform as it was expected from them led the family into constant perish. Males were in charge of many aspects of society including: making decisions for the community, serving as spiritual guiders, choosing leaders and maintaining an equitable place to live in. Men often made decisions and enforced those decisions upon the family. As Raghunathan noted in his work, â€Å"Men lead and women follow†. Women had no chance but to agree to the male’s decisions they imposed to women. The fact that they were born males gave them an advantage over women in the way that they could achieve anything they wanted and become anything they desired. Men were highly valued and respected if they possessed certain values and ideals within the society. They were educated and trained to be ambitious and to have idealistic values, which were admirable in this specific society. On the other hand, women were taught to shed any ambitions and ideas they may have for themselves. The characteristics valued in men were not valued in women; on the contrary, these characteristics in women were disapproved because of the male-ruled system of the time. â€Å"Patriarchy leads to gender inequality in society†(Seeger). Eventually this could lead these women to become isolated from society since they were not allowed to perform the same tasks and duties as men. Women then, had to rely on the love and devotion they would bring to the family while having other interests and aspirations. In conclusion, the male and female roles in the Ramayana were pre-established by the rigorous society in which the story developed. Males had certain expectations they had to fulfill such as being rulers and leaders in order to be good men. Females, on the other hand, were limited to being faithful to their husbands while expressing their love for the family. Each had a role in society that they could not differ from due to extreme moral valuation. Men were to become the best warriors and to desire power through leadership; women were to become good mothers and proper wives with no intent or desire to achieve higher goals or expectations. Patriarchy led men into high power positions in the community leaving women with no chance of participation in this field. This type of society facilitated men into possessing key roles in the religious and political arena which served them as a platform to pursue and achieve higher goals. In the story of the Ramayana, men were empowered and women were often subdued due to the patriarchal era that they were living in at the time of the story, which facilitated these typical gender roles. Works cited Mack, Maynard. â€Å"The Ramayana of Valkimi†. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997. 576-612Qazi, Uzma. â€Å"Ramayana Lecture Notes†. Grant MacEwan, Edmonton, 2008. Seeger, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Ramayana†. New York: William R. Scott, 1969. Raghunathan, N. â€Å"Srimad Valkimi Ramayana†. Madras: Vighneswara Publishing House, 1981.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Gary Klein and William Glasser Doctors Essay
Psychology, according to Webster’s Dictionary is the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity. This is a wide open field, with hundreds of theories and practices. It’s daunting to compare them and utilize their benefits to an individual. Psychologists based on patients needs have to decide what specific therapy would be advisable to use; some even develop they’re own therapy methods. Two such doctors, Gary Klein and William Glasser did just that; researched developed and put into fruition they’re own.            Gary Klein received his Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in l969. He was an Associate Professor of Psychology at Oakland University, California, from l970 to l974. Klein worked as a research psychologist for the United States Air Force from l974 to 1978. He is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, has written over seventy papers and authored several books.            Klein, is Chief Scientist of the Klein Association, a group he established in l978, â€Å"to understand how to improve decision making in individuals and teams.† He is one of the founder’s n the field of â€Å"naturalistic decision making.† Dr. Klein’s extensive work on recognition decision making includes the design of new systems and interfaces, and decision training programs. He has determined, through research that effective decision making is problem detection, option generation, and sense make planning and re-planning. He and his associates use CTA methods to study decision making in more than â€Å"60 domains, including firefighting, command and control, software troubleshooting,  healthcare, and consumer purchasing.†           Cognitive learning requires a different concept of the learning process. It depends profoundly on mental models, which is a â€Å"cluster of fundamental beliefs about how things happen.†We need to â€Å"revise our belief system as experience shows the inadequacy of our current ways of thinking,†Dr. Klein states (iscram.org).            Klein’s books detail his theories and highlight his research projects, they also provide the tools needed for individuals to practice competent decision making. His most popular book is the â€Å"Source of Power,†published in l999. This book discusses the theory Dr. Klein and his associates developed called, â€Å"naturalistic decision-making.†It essentially lends validity of scientific research to techniques that most of us use every day; intuition, â€Å"which is based on the rapid (perhaps even subconscious) interpretation of perceptual cues;†there’s mental simulation, â€Å"a finely honed method of visualization,†storytelling, and metaphor, which â€Å"enable decision -makers to devise meaningful frameworks and compare present situations to previous events.†Dr. Klein tells us that no one is born with an inherent â€Å"mastery†of these techniques, but we are all born with the â€Å"capability†to develop them through experience. His book titled â€Å"Working Minds: A Practitioner’s Guide to Cognitive Task Analysis, in 2006, co-authored with Beth Cramdall and Robert Hoffman, depicts how to collect data about cognitive processes and events; how to analyze CTA, and communicate findings.            â€Å"The Power of Intuition,†written in 2004 demonstrates that the expertise to recognize patterns and other cues that enables us, intuitively – to make right decisions, is a natural extension of experience. Klien defines a three tiered process called the â€Å"Exceleration Program.† Readers are provided with the tools needed to help make â€Å"tough choices, notice potential problems, manage uncertainty, and size up situations quickly.†He professes how to communicate these decisions more effectively, how to coach others in the â€Å"art of intuition,†and recognize an â€Å"over dependence†on information technology (librarything.com).            Dr. Klein is most known for his theory of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) the movement originated at a conference in Dayton, Ohio in l989, which resulted in a book with Caroline Zsambok, aptly titled â€Å"Naturalistic Decision Making,†in l996. This book describes in detail there theory, and also put it in simple layman’s words; â€Å"naturalistic decision making, (NDW) is the way people use their experiences to make decisions.†           The Naturalistic Decision Making framework focuses on cognitive functions, such as decision making, sensemaking, situational awareness, planning – which emerge in natural settings and take forms that are not easily replicated in the laboratory; basically real life situations and observations are used. NDM s components show experts how to make decisions in the real world using descriptive methods, stresses, and time pressures. Other related research areas include; behavioral decision theory, judgment decision making and organizational decision making (2).            The forms of NDM are: Recognition primed decision making. Related theories methods: critical decision method, exploration based theory, and image theory. NDM and teams are the most used aspect of this theory, based on studying teams in their natural environment – real teams performing real tasks in real settings. Also, contextual focus as opposed to more general and abstract (9). To break NDM down to the core, it is a method of making decision’s using real situations, not hypotheses.     Work Cited everything2com. â€Å"William Glasser.†2 Mar 2002. 1 May 2008 http://everything2.com/            e2node/William%2520Glasser Glasser,William. â€Å"The Glasser Approach.†The William Glasser Insitute. 1 May 2008            http://wglasser.com iscram.org. â€Å"Gary Klein.† ISCRAM Community.  28 Nov 2007. 30 April 2008. http://            www.iscram.org/index.php?option=content&tast=view&id=1984&Itemid=2 librarything.com. â€Å"Descriptions.† Library Thing. 1 May 2008 http://www.librarything.            com/work/61019/descriptions/ ocw.mit.edu. â€Å"Naturalistic Decision Making.†2 May 2008. http://ocw.mit.edu
Monday, July 29, 2019
Analysis of Report to Wordsworth
Report to Wordsworth, a poem by Boey Kim Cheng, is one that speaks of the path of destruction through nature that man is leaving behind him. I personally find the poem powerful and extremely convincing, in the sense that it manages to challenge the reader very objectively. ‘You should be here, Nature has need of you’ involves the reader directly, and the use of a Capital letter personifies nature in such a way it makes one feel her pain. The following lines are significantly symbolic, as the words ‘sky slowing’ can be interpreted as the world itself turning much slower than before, the life and vibrancy leaking out of it. The reference to a ‘dying clock’ may make the reader believe that nature has very limited time remaining and that death is at its doorstep. ‘Smothered by the smog’, this line refers directly to, I believe, the harmful smoke and gases that spoil our air, literally smothering us. This description has the impressive effect of creating a feeling of suffocation, accurately reflecting the idea that is trying to be communicated. References to the great ancient Greek gods of the seas, Proteus and Triton create an incredible effect, notably the one that depicts two of the most powerful beings in existence struggling and suffering at the hands of man. ‘All hopes of Proteus rising from the sea have sunk’, this direct allusion to the tons of pollution man creates is particularly strong as it sends a message along the lines: our oceans are so polluted even the sea god is forced away. Triton’s notes struggle to be free†¦horns are choked, his eyes are dazed’ The idea of man being able to cause such suffering to the gods themselves emphasises all the more the idea of them causing massive destruction to nature. ‘Neptune lies helpless as a beach whale, while insatiate man moves in for the kill’; the adjective ‘insatiate’ depicts man as being merciless and cruel. The following lines may be interpreted from the point of view of poets, who often sit and write of what they see around them, watching the ocean, or wide fields of green countryside. They are now failing as these things that were once so beautiful are slowly being destroyed. Cheng here presents an interesting image, notably that of a ‘wound widening in the sky’, which personally makes me think of our ozone layer getting worn away by pollution, leaving the world at mercy. There is also here a discreet allusion to the poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge, the poem by William Wordsworth (Cheng’s poem is a response to this particular piece of work). God is labouring to utter his last cry’ is, I find, the perfect ending to the poem, as it once again alludes to God himself struggling against what man has caused to the world. The poem’s tone is considerably morose, along with a rhythm that I would compare to a funeral march. The atmosphere is quite deep and the voice could be that of surrender, as the poet does not indicate any possibility of mankind being capable of turning this situation around. I feel that this poem can be morally challenging and is very successful in making us understand the gravity of the world’s condition.
Oroonoko Close Reading (Anti- Slavery Text) Research Paper
Oroonoko Close Reading (Anti- Slavery Text) - Research Paper Example So, Oroonoko puts on various identities as a novel, as a travelogue, or colonial discourse than an anti-slavery text. The narration presents contradictions in the perspectives of the fictionalized author narrator and the hero, Oroonoko and creates doubts about its characteristics as an anti-slavery text. Set in the seventeenth century, Oroonoko is often seen as a precursor of the anti-slavery literature which became popular later during the nineteenth centuries. Norton Anthology says that â€Å"In the early 1660s, when the events described in Behns Oroonoko are supposed to have taken place, England was not yet a major power in the slave trade†(The Norton Anthology of English Literature). This has Oroonoko as a reference text when it comes to details on slave trade.  In its section on the biography of Aphra Behn, the anthology says that the novel had great impact on people who fought against slavery and slave trade. Oroonoko also has been critically acclaimed to be an anti-slavery text by many critics. Laura Brown in her â€Å"the Romance of Empire: Oroonoko and the Trade in Slaves†says that, "the novella had been recognized as a seminal work in the tradition of antislavery writings from the time of its publication down to our own period"(42). Oroonoko captures the transatlantic slave trade and is set in the colonial Africa and West Indies. One of the most outstanding aspects of the novella is that Oroonoko has an African prince as its hero. Though set in the British colonies, it is unlike a mere travelogue or a documentary. On the other hand, it makes a strong statement regarding slavery in its portrayal of the cruelties of slavery. The details about the process of slave trade are described. The author of Oronooko says, â€Å"Who want slaves make a bargain with a master or a captain of a ship, and contract to pay him so much apiece, a matter of twenty pound a
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Letter - Essay Example There is no doubt that Facebook has become an outlet for self-aggrandizement represented in such a way that mundane things become magnified and disseminated in mere seconds. There are even times when the venue could jeopardize connections, relationships and even jobs. But this need for information, regardless of necessity is the very reason Facebook survives and will continue to do so for some time. As the author so aptly puts it, â€Å"If someone is offering you a carrot you did not pay for, chances are that there is a stick somewhere.†I think many people feel the same way towards Facebook as a social networking site. Those who abhor it and never attempts to join and those who have joined but decided to uphold their privacy later on or just out of boredom. But the fact still remains that it has given people something to talk about, online or on other medium such as magazine articles. It has diversified life as we know it. Relationships, as pointed out, have become virtual in nature and the interesting idiosyncrasies of human communication have drastically changed. But this is not to say absolutely that everything Facebook has offered is negative. As they say, different strokes for different folks.
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Mitosis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Mitosis - Lab Report Example The prepared and preserved slides were observed under the microscope. The different stages of the mitosis such as interphase, prophase, meta phase, anaphase and telophase of the cell along with the cytokinesis were identified and the stages were differentiated. Introduction: All the living things are made of cells. In a multi-cellular organism, two types of cell division occur: they are mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis or Somatic cell division is the process in which one cell divides into two equal cells with genetic identity. The cell division is necessary for the growth and development of the cells. The transformation of information from one generation to another is called heredity and the genes which are the fundamental part of the chromosome are responsible for the transformation. The chromosomes are present in pairs. Each pair is responsible for a specific part or function in the cell. These chromosomes are distributed equally in new cells during mitosis. Mitosis is thus described a s the chromosomal division. This chromosomal division is accompanied by the cytoplasmic division called as cytokinesis. The mitosis along with cytokinesis results in the formation of two daughter cells. This is also called as cell cycle. Cell cycle is the period in which the cell divides and becomes two daughter cells. ... There are four stages in mitosis. They are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. (Allen and Harper 2011). Prophase is the first stage of mitosis which is visible. The chromosomes, which are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm condense to form the distinct part. They are held in a single line. Metaphase is the stage in which the chromosome is attached to the centromere through the spindle fibril. The centromeres are connected to the centrioles and the centrioles pulls the chromatids to the opposite directions. This step initiates the cell division. Anaphase is the stage where the chromosomes move to the position of centriole. The chromosomes are seen as complete sets in the opposite side of the cell. Telophase is the last stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes begins to loosen itself from the thicker rigid structure into thin filaments. The division of the cytoplasm starts at this particular point. Materials required: Prepared slide of Allium root tip Prepared slide of whi te fish blastula. Microscope. Method: 1. The prepared slide of allium (onion) root tip was mounted on the microscope. 2. The 4x objective lenswas used to focus the centre of the slide. 3. The cells undergoing the four stages of mitosis such as prophase, metaphase , anaphase and telophase were identified in the slide using the 10x magnification. 4. Using the 40x magnification in the microscope, the distinct chromosomes and the other cell structures were identified. 5. Similarly, the whitefish blastula slide was mounted on the microscope and the blastula sections were observed using the 4x magnification. 6. Then 40 x magnification was chosen to examine the chromosomes. The cells in each phase of mitosis were identified. Result: For the Onion Root tip: 1. In the interphase stage, nucleus,
Friday, July 26, 2019
Possible effects of ginseng on blood glucose in diabetic patients Essay
Possible effects of ginseng on blood glucose in diabetic patients - Essay Example The plant is cultivated for its man shaped roots which form an important diet supplement in Asian countries and United States. Historical records reveal the use of ginseng root for effectively treating diseases with symptoms similar to diabetes. However, researches to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Ginseng root began only in the first half of 20th century. Studies conducted by Japanese scientists on the root of Ginseng in the 1920s led to reports confirming the traditional claims of Ginseng root being effective in reducing baseline blood glucose and alleviating hyperglycemia caused as a consequence of high intake of glucose. Ever since numerous in vitro studies, animal trials, clinical trials on the root and root extracts have supported the efficiency of ginseng in controlling blood sugar levels in diabetics and hence has been used for the treatment of diabetes (Xie et al., 2005). The constituents are ginseng root are 80%-90% organic and up to 10% inorganic with multiple acti ve ingredients namely saponins or ginsenosides, many carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, phytosterols, essential oils, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, peptides and organic acids. The active ingredients reported in the extracts effective in reducing blood glucose levls have been detected with ginsenosides and polysaccharides. Ginsenosides has been identified as the principal active ingredient of the plant and its concentration is highest in the leaf, followed by berry and then roots. Besides, the profile of ginsenosides with six main ginsenosides isolated from root berry and leaf is also different. Thus it has been speculated that the relative proportions of the some of these ginsenosides determines the hypoglycemic efficiency of ginseng extracts (Xie et al., 2005). Thus hypoglycemic effect of ginseng extracts has been well documented and supported by experimental evidences. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the effect of ginseng on blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. METHOD PARTICIPANTS 5 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus with mean values of age, BMI and weight being 62, 29kg/m2 and 81Kf were selected after informing them about the procedure and probable results of the experiment and obtaining their written consent. It was ensured that the Diabetes patients were reasonably controlled and were on a treatment procedure involving the drugs sulfonylurea, and a combination of sulfonylurea and metformin; which was continued during the period of experiment. Each of the participants was provided with instruction booklet to ensure that the other conditions are maintained uniform during the course of the experiment. TREATMENT The patients were given two categories of treatments; one gelatin capsule with 3g ginseng given either 40 minutes before a glucose intake of 25g of 300ml glucose or simultaneous with same concentration of glucose; both taken orally. The control treatment involved identical administration of all ingredients as in treatment group except ginseng being replaced by a placebo capsule containing corn sugar instead of ginseng. Four treatments, two tests and two controls were given to each participant in random order. PROCEDURE Maintaining every other condition of diet, activity and medication constant, participants were administered the above doses at intervals of 1 week after 10-12 hours of fasting in the morning. Each test was preceded with regular check up and complete dose of routine
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Should Pregnant Teenagers Be Allowed In School Essay
Should Pregnant Teenagers Be Allowed In School - Essay Example Not only, is she discriminated in her social groups but also by the people who are the backbones of the education system. Many principles of schools ask parents of pregnant teenagers to take away their daughters from their schools in fear of the bad reputation of their institution. A book that has been written by experts and which is an extension of the thoughts promoted by The National Childbirth Trust has stated that " giving birth is often called 'the everyday miracle', and nothing can be more true." (p.10) To this observation I want to add that it's also true that this miracle of nature sometimes becomes very unwanted, embarrassing and burdensome to the society on the whole and also the parents if they themselves are nothing but children. What follows is the continuous phase of guilt and depression. The situation may become even worse if in such trying times pregnant teenagers are barred the right to education which is a great source of hope for them to make their lives better. T hrough education they get the power to console themselves that future holds better jobs, better money and better living conditions for them and their unborn babies. Heyman andEducation is essential Heyman and Henriksen in their book have integrated the observational, surveys and qualitative interviews upon pregnant women, doctors, and midwives of a hospital to observe the relationship between risk, age and pregnancy. They stated: Survey data can document the complexities of judgments about the timing of parenthood, although it cannot bring out the reasoning behind such judgments with any depth. Our respondents were asked whether they felt that men and women could be too old or too young to have a baby, and, if so, to specify these age boundariesour respondents, collectively, define the lower parental age boundary more sharply than the upper one(2001, p.64) Through this detailed study it is easier to believe that the majority of people are against pregnancy at tender age. This can be related to the main topic, as when the majority does not approve of teenage pregnancy a simple right of education has become a matter of discussion: whether these people should be allowed to mingle with normal teenagers who might never have to face this situation before time. Many parents feel that if schools allow these teenagers to take classes then it would be giving wrong signals to their other wards. Strongly opposing this viewpoint, Hayes in Gottlieb has stated that "I don't think [a pregnant teen] is any more a bad role model than the teen who's sexually active and just not getting pregnant. Getting pregnant doesn't make [someone] any different from you. I think that's a more practical lesson. Students will look at her and say, 'Whoa, she was doing just what we're doing.'" (Screwed twice section, para. 6) Heyman and Henriksen in their study pointed out that some respondents in their study felt that on the account of their pregnancies the teenagers should not stop their education. Their concern is easily highlighted in one of the
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Research Paper
New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Collider - Research Paper Example If this occurs, it will produce a material known as quark-gluon plasma, which probably made up the universe in the time following the Big Bang. Physicists are interested in this material because the expansion and cooling of the material would likely show how the particles that exist today arose out of the conditions following the Big Bang (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ALICE†) 2. ATLAS: A Toroidal LHC Apparatus, records measurements for the results of particle collisions. It tracks what particles are created and destroyed in a given collision, and the path of travel and energy for those particles (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†). They are both considered general-purpose detectors. The experiments being performed using them focus on the search for the Higgs boson and the substance known as dark matter (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†; â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). ... 3. CMS: Compact Muon Solenoid, has the same research goals as ATLAS, but it has different technical specifications to achieve those goals, especially with regard to the design of the magnet system within the equipment (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). The CMS has been designed to detect the presence of â€Å"missing†energy, which could indicate the presence of stable but weakly-interacting particles, such as energetic neutrinos. This missing energy occurs when the particle moves in the same direction as the beam pipe and so cannot be detected; the use of the CMS helps to cover this gap and provide a more complete picture of the collision event (Pi et al. 2011) 4. LHCb: Large Hadron Collider beauty is expected to help us understand why the universe appears to be composed almost entirely of matter, but no antimatter. It specializes in investigating the slight differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the 'beauty quark', or 'b qua rk'.†(â€Å"CERN - The LHC Experiments: LHCb†) 5. TOTEM: TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross section Measurement device is included in the experimental set-up to study the physics of the elementary particles that is always hidden to the general-purpose experiments carried in such an accelerator. It is of immense importance to measure the size of the proton and also calculate accurately the LHC's luminosity, so that the results may be utilized for calibration of the whole set-up (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: TOTEM†) 6. LHCf: Large Hadron Collider forward tries to simulate Cosmic Rays, which are the naturally occurring charged particles in Earth’s upper atmosphere, colliding with our atmosphere and resulting in stream of
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
The stochastic Poisson model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
The stochastic Poisson model - Essay Example The Poisson process is a stochastic process, which describes events that occur independently from one another and continuously. Stochastic processes are part of probability theory and are used to describe random processes. They are based on a level of indeterminacy, which means that the final outcome is unknown although some paths and outcomes are more likely than others. (Doob, 1953) The Stochastic Poisson model has been used to describe processes like rainfall, the telephone calls that arrive at a switchboard, radioactive decay of atoms, and the page views of a website. Its use to describe the decision making of a juror is a relatively new and exotic application. When applied to decision making a Poisson process can be catalogued as special case of renewal theory (Cox, 1962). This model was proposed by Thomas and Hogue (1976) as a descriptive model in juror decision making. The model describes the jurors choice making as a two step process. In the first place the juror must consider the evidence to create a final estimate of the weight of the case against or for the defendant. Secondly, each juror has an individual decision criterion that allocates the apparent weight of evidence into "for" and "against" decision zones. According to this model a juror will only decide against a defendant if the weight of evidence exceeds his personal decision criterion. This means that the confidence of a juror in any particular decision will be a mathematical function of the distance between the apparent weight of the evidence and their personal decision criterion. The further away these parameters are the stronger the confidence of the juror in a particular decision. The indeterminacy of this process lies in the assumption that the apparent weight of evidence, or the perception of the weight of evidence, is randomly distributed among jurors. Thomas and Hogues (1976) decided to use an exponential probability density function to describe the way jurors arrived at a
Java Spring MVC Programming Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Java Spring MVC Programming Introduction - Essay Example This module of the spring framework supports all popular data access frameworks in Java: oracle, JDBC, oracle toplink, Apache OJB, JPA, JDO, Hibernate, Apache Cayenne etc. For all the supported frameworks, spring provides Resource management, Exception handling, Transaction participation, Resource unwrapping, Abstraction The transaction management module brings a mechanism of abstraction to the Java platform with the following capabilities: ability to work with nested transactions, ability to work with savepoints, ability to work on local and global transactions, ability to work on almost all Java platform environments. It provides a first class support which is used for the purpose of testing spring MVC apps without a servlet container and with a fluent API. Tests on the server side use the DispatcherServlet while tests on the client side make use of the RestTemplate. This class has a @ExceptionHandler method which is used to handle standard spring MVC exceptions and return a ResponseEntity that allows customization and writing of responses with HTTP message converters. The structural elements of a spring application contains various elements which include introduction page, A page controller, A unit test class for the page controller (Risberg, et al., 2009), A view page and the DispatcherServlet (this is known as the Front Controller and is used by the web server based on the configuration on in
Monday, July 22, 2019
The degree of operating leverage Essay Example for Free
The degree of operating leverage Essay 1. The degree of operating leverage is equal to the ____ change in ____ divided by the ____ change in ____. 2. In the linear breakeven model, the difference between selling price per unit and variable cost per unit is referred to as: 3). Break-even analysis usually assumes all of the following except: 4).The short-run cost function is: 5). In the short-run for a purely competitive market, a manufacturer will stop production when: 6). In the long-run, firms in a monopolistically competitive industry will 7). A search good is: 8). All of the following are true for both competition and monopolistic competition in the long run, except one of them. Which is it? 9). Regulatory agencies engage in all of the following activities except _______. 10). In the electric power industry, residential customers have relatively ____ demand for electricity compared with large industrial users. But contrary to price discrimination, large industrial users generally are charged ____ rates. 11). When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation. 13). In natural monopoly, AC continuously declines due to economies in distribution or in production, which tends to found in industries which face increasing returns to scale. If price were set equal to marginal cost, then: 14). A(n) ____ is characterized by a relatively small number of firms producing a product. 15). In the Cournot duopoly model, each of the two firms, in determining its profit-maximizing price-output level, assumes that the other firms ____ will not change. 16). The existence of a kinked demand curve under oligopoly conditions may result in 17). Conscious parallelism of action among oligopolistic firms is an example of ____. 18). A key to analyzing subgame perfect equilibrium strategy in sequential games is 19). Credible promises and hostage mechanisms can support a continuous stream of cooperative exchanges except when 20). In making promises that are not guaranteed by third parties and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, all of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms except 21). In a game, a dominated strategy is one where: The segmenting of customers into several small groups such as household, institutional, commercial, and industrial users, and establishing a different rate schedule for each group is known as: 22) The following are possible examples of price discrimination, EXCEPT: 23). The optimal mark-up is: m = -1/ (E+1). When the mark-up on cookware equals 50%, then demand elasticity (E) for cookware is: 24). To maximize profits, a monopolist that engages in price discrimination must allocate output in such a way as to make identical the ____ in all markets. 25). Non-redeployable durable assets that are dependent upon unique complementary and perfectly redeployable assets to achieve substantial value-added will typically be organized as 26). When retail bicycle dealers advertise and perform warranty repairs but do not deliver the personal selling message that Schwinn has designed as part of the marketing plan but cannot observe at less than prohibitive cost, the manufacturer has encountered a problem of ____. 27). When manufacturers and distributors establish credible commitments to one another, they often employ 28). Reliant assets are always all of the following except: 29). The sentiment for increased deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s has been felt most significantly in the price regulation of 30). The antitrust laws regulate all of the following business decisions except ____. 31). The ____ is equal to the some of the squares of the market shares of all the firms in an industry. 32). The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model. 33). The ____ depicts the risk-return relationship in the market for all securities: 34). Any current outlay that is expected to yield a flow of benefits beyond one year in the future is: 35). In order to help assure that all relevant factors will be considered, the capital-expenditure selection process should include the following steps except: 36). Which of the following would not be classified as a capital expenditure for decision-making purposes?
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Dual Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number and Its Applications
Dual Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number and Its Applications Jon Arockiaraj. J, Pathinathan.T, Revathy.S Abstract: In this paper, we introduce Convergence of ÃŽ ±-Cut. We define at which point the ÃŽ ±-Cut converges to the fuzzy numbers it will be illustrated by example using dual trapezoidal fuzzy number and Some elementary applications on mensuration are numerically illustrated with approximated values. KeyWords: Fuzzy number, ÃŽ ±-Cut, Dual trapezoidal fuzzy number, Defuzzification. Introduction: Fuzzy sets have been introduced by Lotfi. A. Zadeh (1965). Fuzzy numbers were first introduce by Zadeh in 1975.There after theory of fuzzy number was further studied and developed by Dubois and Prade, R.Yager Mizomoto, J.Buckly and Many others. Since then many workers studied the theory of fuzzy numbers and achieved fruitful results. The fuzziness can be represented by different ways one of the most useful representation is membership function. Also depending the nature and shape of the membership function the fuzzy number can be classified in different forms, such as triangular fuzzy number, trapezoidal fuzzy number etc. A fuzzy number is a quantity whose values are imprecise, rather than exact as is the case with single valued number. Fuzzy numbers are used in statistics computer programming, engineering and experimental science. So far fuzzy numbers like triangular fuzzy number, trapezoidal fuzzy numbers, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal pyramid and diamond fuzzy numbers have been introduced with its membership functions. These numbers have got many applications like non-linear equations, risk analysis and reliability. In this paper, we introduce Dual trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with its membership functions and its applications. Section one presents the introduction, section two presents the basic definition of fuzzy numbers section three presents Dual trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and its applications and in the final section we give conclusion. 2. Basic Definitions Definition 2.1: (Fuzzy set) A fuzzy set A in a universe of discourse X is defined as the following set of pairs A= {(x,  µA(x)): xX} Here  µA(x) : x is a mapping called the degree of membership function of the fuzzy set A and  µA(x) is called the membership value of xX in the fuzzy set These membership grades are often represented by real numbers ranging from [0, 1]. Definition 2.2: (Fuzzy Number) A fuzzy set A defined on the universal set of real number R is said to be a fuzzy number if its membership function has satisfy the following characteristics. ( i) ÃŽ ¼A (x) is a piecewise continuous (ii) A is convex, i.e.,  µA (ÃŽ ±x1 + (1-ÃŽ ±) x2) ≠¥ min ( µA(x1),  µA(x2)) É x1 ,x2R É Î ±[0,1] (iii) A is normal, i.e., there exist xo R such that  µA (xo)=1 Definition 2.3: (Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number) A trapezoidal fuzzy number represented with four points as A = (a b c d), Where all a, b, c, d are real numbers and its membership function is given below where a≠¤ b≠¤ c≠¤ d  µA(x)= 3. DUAL TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY NUMBER Definition 3.1: (Dual Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number) A Dual Trapezoidal fuzzy number of a fuzzy set A is defined as ADT= {a, b, c, d (ÃŽ ±)} Where all a, b, c, d are real numbers and its membership function is given below where a≠¤b≠¤c≠¤d  µDT(x) = where ÃŽ ± is the base of the trapezoidal and also for the inverted reflection of the above trapezoidal namely a b c d Figure: Graphical Representation of Dual Trapezoidal fuzzy Number 3.2 DEFUZZIFICATION: Let ADT= (a, b, c, d, à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡) be a dual trapezoidal fuzzy number .The defuzzification value of ADT is an approximate real number. There are many method for defuzzification such as Centroid Method, Mean of Interval Method , Removal Area Method etc. In this Paper We have used Centroid area method for defuzzification . CENTROID OF AREA METHOED: Centroid of area method or centry of gravity method. It obtains the centre of area (X*) occupied by the fuzzy sets.It can be expressed as X* = Defuzzification Value for dual trapezoidal fuzzy number: Let ADT= {a, b, c, d (ÃŽ ±)} be a DTrFN with its membership function  µDT(x) = Using centroid area method +dx+++dx = + + + + + = = = ++ dx+++dx = = = c + d – a b Defuzzification = = = 3.3 APPLICATION In this section. We have discussed the convergence of à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut using the example of dual trapezoidal fuzzy number. CONVERGENCE OF ÃŽ ±-CUT : Let ADT = {a, b, c, d, (à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡) } be a dual trapezoidal fuzzy number whose membership function function is given as  µDT(x) = To find à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut of ADT .We first set à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ [0,1] to both left and right reference functions of ADT. Expressing X in terms of à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ which gives à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut of ADT. à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡= à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¨ x l= a+ (b-a) à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡= à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¨ x r =d-(d-c) à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¨ Aà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡DT= [a+ (b-a) à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡, d-(d-c) à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡] In ordinary to find à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut, we give à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ values as 0 or 0.5 or 1 in the interval [0, 1] .Instead of giving these values for à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡. we divide the interval [0,1] as many continuous subinterval. If we give very small values for à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡, the à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut converges to a fuzzy number [a, d] in the domain of X it will be illustrated by example as given below. Example: ADT = (-6,-4, 3, 6) and its membership function will be  µDT(x) = ÃŽ ±- cut of dual Trapezoidal fuzzy Number à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ = (x l + 6)/2 Xl = 2à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-6 à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ = (6 xr)/3 Xr = 6-3à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ 2à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-6, 6-3à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/10 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ = [-5. 8 , 5.7] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/102 then ADT =[-5.98 , 5.97] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/103 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ = [-5.998 , 5.997] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/104 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-5.9998 , 5.9997] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/105 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-5.99998 , 5.99997 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/106 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -5.999998 , 5.999997 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/107 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -5.9999998 , 5.9999997, ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/108 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -5.99999998 , 5.99999997 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/109 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -5.999999998 , 5.999999997] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/1010 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-6 , 6] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/1011 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-6 , 6] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/1012 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ =[-6 , 6] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/1013 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ =[-6 , 6 ] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..etc When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=1/10n as n →∞ then the à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut converges to ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-6, 6 ] Figure: Graphical Representation of convergence of à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/10 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡= [ -5.6,5.4 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/102 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡= [ -5.96,5.94 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/103 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -5.996,5.994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/104 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -5.9996,5.9994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/105 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -5.99996,5.99994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/106 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -5.999996,5.999994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/107 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[-5.9999996, 5.9999994 , ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/108 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -5.99999996,5.99999994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/109 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -5.999999996,5.999999994 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/1010 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ , -6,6 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/1011 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -6,6 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/1012 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -6,6 ] When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/1013 then ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -6,6] †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc When à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=2/10n as n →∞ then the à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡-cut converges to ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=[ -6,6 ] Simillarly, à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡=3/10n,4/10n,5/10n,6/10n,7/10n,8/10n,9/10n,10/10n upto these value n varies from 1to ∞ after 11/10n,12/10n†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..100/10n as n varies from 2 to ∞ and101/10n,102/10n†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. as n varies from 3 to ∞ and the process is goes on like this if we give the value for à °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ it will converges to the dual trapezoidal fuzzy number[-6,6] From the above example we conclude that , In general we have { K/10n} if we give different values for K as n- varies upto to ∞ if we give as n tends to ∞ then the values of ADTà °Ã‚ †ºÃ¢â‚¬Å¡ converges to the fuzzy number[a,d] in the domain X. 3.4 APPLICATIONS In this section we have numerically solved some elementary problems of mensuration based on arithmetic operation using defuzzified centroid area method 1.Perimeter of Rectangle: Let the length and breadth of a rectangle are two positive dual trapezoidal fuzzy numbers ADT = (10cm, 11cm, 12cm,13cm) and BDT = (4cm, 5cm,6cm,7cm) then perimeter CDT of rectangle is 2[ADT+BDT] Therefore the perimeter of the rectangle is a dual trapezoidal fuzzy number CDT = (28cm, 32cm,36cm,40cm) and its membership functions  µDT(x) = The Perimeter of the rectangle is not less than 28 and not greater than 40 .The perimeter value takes between 32 to 36. Centroid area method: X* = = = = = 34 The approximate value of the perimeter of the rectangle is 34 cm. 2.Length of Rod: Let length of a rod is a positive DTrFN ADT = (10cm,11cm,12cm, 13cm). If the length BDT = (5cm, 6cm , 7cm, 8cm), a DTrFN is cut off from this rod then the remaining length of the rod CDT is [ADT(-)BDT] The remaining length of the rod is a DTrFN CDT = (2cm, 4cm, 6cm, 8cm) and its membership function  µDT(x) = The remaining length of the rod is not less than 2cm and not greater than 8cm.The length of the rod takes the value between 4cm and 6cm. Centroid area method: X* = = = = = 5 The approximate value of the remaining length of the rod is 5cm. 3.Length of a Rectangle: Let the area and breadth of a rectangle are two positive dual trapezoidal fuzzy numbers ADT=(36cm,40cm,44cm,48cm) and BDT=(3cm,4cm,5cm,6cm) then the length CDT of the rectangle is is ADT(:)BDT. Therefore the length of the rectangle is a dual trapezoidal fuzzy number CDT=(6cm,8cm,11cm,16cm) and its membership functions  µDT(x) = The length of the rectangle is not less than 6cm and not greater than 16cm .The length of the rectangle takes the value between 8cm and 11cm. Centroid area method: X * = = = = 10.38 The approximate value of the length of the rectangle is 10.38cm. 4. Area of the Rectangle: Let the length and breadth of a rectangle are two positive dual trapezoidal fuzzy numbers ADT=(3cm,4cm,5cm,6cm) and BDT=(8cm,9cm,10cm,11cm) then the area of rectangle is ADT(.) BDT Therefore the area of the rectangle is a dual trapezoidal fuzzy number CDT= (24cm, 36cm, 50cm, 66cm) and its membership functions  µDT(x) = The area of the rectangle not less than 24 and not greater than 66.The area of the reactangle takes the value between 36 and 50. Centroid area method: X * = = = = 44.167sq.cm 4.CONCLUSION: In this paper, we have worked on DTrFN .We have define the Convergence of ÃŽ ±-Cut to the fuzzy number. We have solved numerically some problems of mensuration based on operations using DTrFN and we have calculated the approximate values. Further DTrFN can be used in various problem of engineering and mathematical science. 5. References [1] Sanhita Banerjee, Tapan Kumar Roy Arithmetic Operations on Generalized Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number and its Applications TJFS: Turkish Journal of Fuzzy Systems (eISSN: 1309–1190) An Official Journal of Turkish Fuzzy Systems Association Vol.3, No.1, pp. 16-44, 2012. [2] Bansal. A., (2010), some non- linear arithmetic operations on triangular fuzzy number (m, ÃŽ ±, ÃŽ ²), Advances in Fuzzy Mathematics, 5,147-156. [3] G. J. Klir, Bo Yuan, Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy logic, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, (2005). [4] C. Parvathi, C. Malathi, Arithmetic operations on Symmetric Trapezoidal Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering, 2 (2012) ISSN: 2231-2307. [5] T. Pathinathan, K. Ponnivalavan, Pentagonal fuzzy numbers, International journal of computing algorithm, 3 (2014) ISSN: 2278-2397. [6] Bansal Abhinav, Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (a, b, c, d); Arithmetic Behavior, International Journal of Physical Mathematical Sciences, ISSN: 2010-1791. [7] T. Pathinathan, K. Ponnivalavan, Diamond fuzzy numbers, International scientific Publications and consulting services journal of fuzzy set valued analysis http://www.ispacs.com/journals/jfsva/2014/jfsva-00220 [8] D. Dubois, H. Prade, Operations on Fuzzy Numbers, International Journal of Systems Science, 9 (6) (1978) 613-626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207727808941724.
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Creative Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses Essays -- Argumenta
Creative Commons - America Needs Fair Use Licenses It’s likely happened to you before, you turn on your radio, or favorite music video network and begin listening to a song by some hot new pop starlet, hip-hop superstar, or aging rocker. The beat is catchy, inviting, and oddly familiar, almost too familiar in fact. You may think, â€Å"Didn’t David Bowie, or, hmm, wasn’t it that guy from Queen that played this riff in like ten years ago? Who is this Vanilla Ice guy and why is he rapping over it?†If you were old enough to remember Under Pressure and subsequently were listening Ice Ice Baby in 1990 (likely while cruising in your Mustang 5.0 convertible on your way to a Milli Vanilli concert), you would have experienced an example of modern day sampling. Whether it is literature, music, science, or art, there are few, if any, new and innovative ideas that are completely original through and through. Our predecessors inspire us to build upon their work, and develop new arts, technologies, and ideas that will advance our society as a whole. Sampling is the act of taking a portion of one sound recording, and then reusing that portion as an element, or instrument, in a new recording. (Wikipedia) Sampling is an excellent example of a modern way in which others ideas seed our own creativity. Improvements in the technologies that both mediate and constrict the ability to sample, from analog recording devices of the late 1970s, to the digital software suites of today, run parallel with rise in popularity of sample based music. The internet, and other forms of communication that have allowed creative people from around the world to cull inspiration from anywhere, has lead to an increase in remixes, collages, pastiches, a... ...l.ca/copyrightlaw/chapter1.html#a8> Lessig, Lawrence. â€Å"Creative Freedom For All.†Wired Magazine. Vol. 12 Issue 11. November 2004. Plotkin, Hal. â€Å"All Hail Creative Commons: Stanford professor and author Lawrence Lessig plans a legal insurrection.†SFGate.com. February 11, 2002. â€Å"Sampling (music)†Wikipedia. Accessed November 22, 2004. Shachtman, Noah. â€Å"Copyright Enters a Gray Area.†Wired News. Feburary 14, 2004. â€Å"Some Rights Reserved: Building a Layer of Reasonable Copyright.†Creative Commons Accessed November 22, 2004.
Poes The Raven Essay -- Edgar Allen Poe
Raven During a cold, dark evening in December, a man is attempting to find some solace from the remembrance of his lost love, Lenore, by reading volumes of "forgotten lore." As he is nearly overcome by slumber, a knock comes at his door. Having first believed the knock to be only a result of his dreaming, he finally opens the door apologetically, but is greeted only by darkness. A thrill of half-wonder, half-fear overcomes the speaker, and as he peers into the deep darkness, he can only say the word "Lenore." Upon closing the door, another knock is immediately heard from the chamber's window. The narrator throws open the shutter and window, and in steps a large, beautiful raven, which immediately posts itself on the bust of Pallas Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom, above the entrance of the room. Amused by the animal, the speaker asks it its name, to which the bird replies "Nevermore." Believing "Nevermore" to be the raven's name, the narrator's curiosity is piqued, but the speaker beli eves the name to have little relevancy to his question, for he had never before heard of any man or beast called by that name. Although the bird is peaceful, the narrator mutters to himself that it, like all other blessings of his life, will soon leave him. Again the bird replies "Nevermore." Intrigued, the speaker pulls a chair up directly before the bird to more readily direct his attention on the wondrous beast, and to figure out the meaning of the bird's single monotonous reply. While in contemplation in the chair, the speaker's mind turns to Lenore, and how her frame will never again bless the chair in which he now reposes. Suddenly overcome with grief, the persona believes that the raven is a godsend, intended to deliver him from his ang... ... end, and he made sure that no preceding stanza would "surpass this in rhythmical effect. "Poe then worked backwards from this stanza and used the word "Nevermore" in many different ways, so that even with the repetition of this word, it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds the tension in this poem up, stanza by stanza, but after the climaxing stanza he tears the whole thing down, and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven's "nevermore". The Raven is established as a symbol for the narrator's "Mournful and never-ending remembrance." "And my soul from out that shadow, that lies floating on the floor, shall be lifted - nevermore!" Works Cited Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Raven." McQuade, 1688-91. Poe Edgar Allen. "The Philosophy of Composition." McQuade 1671-79.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Essay --
â€Å"The process of learning continues throughout one’s life says an old adage†. As one goes on learning new things, one realizes that there are many more things which one needs to learn to quench one’s thirst for knowledge. During the course of my undergraduate study I have learnt many things but I have also realized that I need to learn more to advance frontiers in my field of interest. A graduate study is the next step in my quest for knowledge and to bring out my forte to the fore. I Pavan Kumar Vanga completed my Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science Engineering at Joginpally B.R.Engineering College affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University at Hyderabad, one of the renowned institutes for undergraduate study in India. My decision to pursue graduate study has been motivated by my objective of seeking meaningful graduation related to computers. I firmly believe that I possess the requisite background and aptitude for pursuing graduation in this field at your university with the complete knowledge of programming languages like C, C++, Java. I was fascinated by the concept of Object Oriented Concepts, Operating System and Computer Networks, which virtually shrunk the globe and its omnipresent nature. This diverse nature of these subjects with its new avenues for research motivates me to be part of this exciting field. I have excelled in academics at every step of my education. I completed my schooling from Bhashyam Public School, Hyderabad securing 83.3%. In my pre-university at Narayana Junior College, Hyderabad. I took Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry as majors and secured 90.7%. My undergraduate study was the most pivotal period for shaping my future in the right direction. I took Computer Science Eng... ... to pursue my further education in your esteemed university, as my most important years of learning stretch right ahead. The journey ahead, promises to be a challenging one, it may well be arduous and demanding at times. After a careful study of various schools and the courses offered by universities, I finally decided to apply for your university owing to the quality of courses it offers. I strongly feel that I can match the high standard of your university and contribute fruitfully for the research endeavors at your university. An assistantship besides providing financial support would give me invaluable research-teaching experience. I am keen to join as a graduate student at your esteemed department with suitable financial assistance. I thank you in anticipation for considering my candidature and giving me an opportunity to express myself. . Pavan Kumar Vanga
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Irresistible Lab Report Chem 109
Abstract A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when H+, OH-, or H20 is added. By using standard lab equipment, a lab pro diagnostic tool, and acidic and basic solutions, the pH can be found. By recording the pH while adding a base or an acid gradually to a buffer solution you can find the capacity of each buffer to resist drastic changes in pH. The best buffers will keep a solution from becoming either too acidic or basic with the addition of a strong base or acid. IntroductionThe objective of the Irresistible lab is to determine the capacity of each solution (unbuffered and buffered both) and how much they resist changes to pH. This is accomplished by having ten graduated beakers: two containing pure water, two with . 1 M Sodium Chloride, two with 1 gram of solid sodium acetate dissolved in acetic acid, two with 5 grams of solid sodium acetate dissolved in acetic acid, and two with 10 grams of solid sodium acetate dissolved in acetic acid. These are split into two groups of five containing one of each solution.The pH of each solution is then measured and a pipette is used to distribute 1 mL of HCl, a strong acid, at a time to each solution in the first set, with the pH being measured and recorded until a drastic change is recorded. The procedure will be repeated with the other set of solutions using NaOH, a strong base. I would predict that the pure water and sodium chloride solutions would not have a very strong buffering capacity and therefore would almost immediately drop or raise the pH level depending on whether a base or acid was added.As far as the mixture of sodium acetate and acetic acid, I would predict that they would be a better buffer than the previous solutions. There are varying amounts of sodium acetate, but I don’t predict that they will have much different results as far as buffering solutions goes. This is because they all have the same amount of acetic acid, which will act as the main buffer. I predict that this will be t he limiting reagent out of those solutions. Method I began by preparing ten beakers, labled 1-10 and added 50 mL of water to numbers 1 and 6. In 2 and 7 I added 50 mL of . 1 M NaCl.I added sodium acetate to the rest of the beakers: 1 gram to 3 and 8, 5 grams to 4 and 9, and 10 grams to 5 and 10. I then filled the beakers that contained the solid sodium acetate with 50 ml of . 10 M acetic acid. Specifics can be found on page 84 of the lab manual. Though the lab manual instructed to use a pipet, we did not have an accurate 1 mL pipet or a graduated pipet, so we instead prepared two graduated burets with 1 M Sodium Hydroxide and 1 M hydrochloric acid. Using a standardized pH probe with a Lab Pro to measure changes in pH, we added 1 mL of HCl at a time and recorded the changes.The same was done for the NaOH. Results We only added a small amount of HCl to the water and sodium chloride. We did not continue to add more HCl after a significant drop in pH was recorded. We added a total of 2 mL of HCl to both H20 and NaCl before the pH changed. The 1 gram solution of sodium acetate and acetic acid changed after a 8 mL, and the other two never dropped before we reached our total of 10 mL HCl. The Effect of Acidon Solutions 50 ml H2050 mL . 1 M NaCl1 g CH3COONa5 g CH3COONa10 g CH3COONa TrialpH 07. 516. 374. 745. 75. 97 11. 591. 384. 545. 455. 88 21. 121. 184. 375. 355. 75 3 4. 185. 245. 68 4 3. 985. 155. 59 5 3. 765. 075. 51 6 3. 455. 015. 46 7 2. 984. 935. 41 8 1. 634. 865. 34 9 4. 815. 31 10 4. 775. 26 We repeated the procedure with the second set of solutions, but replaced hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. Like the last set, both sodium chloride and water changed pH almost instantly. It took one mL to reach a significant rise in pH. The other three solutions all took a total of 4 mL to rise to a pH of a little over 13. 6. The Effect of Base on Solutions Trial50 ml H2050 mL . 1 M NaCl1 g CH3COONa5 g CH3COONa10 g CH3COONa 06. 777. 34. 845. 6255. 934 112. 9913. 135 5. 7836. 164 2 5. 366. 1456. 444 3 6. 267. 9557. 53 4 13. 0613. 1413. 14 5 Discussion The point of this lab was to determine the capacity of each solution as a buffer. By adding a strong acid to the solution we were essentially measuring the amount of hydrogen atoms that could be absorbed by the solution (buffered) before the limit was reached and they were abundant in the solution (pH).The same was measured by lack of the hydrogen atoms and abundance of hydroxide ions in solution when the base was added. As seen in the graph above, water has little to no buffering capacity. Because it contains a hydrogen and hydroxide ion, it should have some buffering capabilities, but I suspect that the fact that the acid was strong quickly overcame the capacity. Similar results with the sodium chloride show that it’s buffering capacity is not good. The 1 gram of sodium acetate reached its capacity at 8 mL of HCl, and the other two never dropped off.This shows that they were continuing to buffer past the 10 mL of HCl. The graph above shows the same solutions with the addition of Sodium Hydroxide. Once again water and NaCl do not buffer well and at 4 mL of NaOH all three sodium acetate solutions reached capacity. In a lab like this, errors are very likely. There is the absence of ionized water, for one, to consider. This could easily skew results because the water could be contaminated. Unfortunately the equipment is old and could be faulty. And also those doing the experiment could have bad techniques because we are so new at this.The lab was also open, and the contaminates could easily mess up the results. If I were to do this lab again, I would do more with the varying concentrations of sodium acetate to acetic acid solutions. Obviously they were the best buffers, but I would test different ratios and concentrations along with different volumes of acetic acid. With more experimentation, conclusions could be more easily drawn between the relationship of these two. C onclusion Buffers are very important in all aspects of life. In the body they keep the blood from becoming too acidic or basic, for example.I’ve learned that not all solutions make good buffers, water for example, did not stand up to the strength of the sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. In conclusion: without buffers, our whole world would be acidic and basic, no neutrals around. References Kautz, J. , D. Kinnan, and C. McLaughlin. 2011-2012. Chemistry 110 Laboratory Manual â€Å"Taking things apart†¦ Putting things together†. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing. Gilbert, T. R. , R. V. Kriss, N. Foster, G. Davies. 2004. Chemistry The Science In Context. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Hill Country Case Solution Essay
hillock County ope places in a in truth war-ridden mart where unused potential difference entrants goat be a threat to its performance either through and through cut draw account offering or crusheder merchandise be. Competition from peer companies has signifi bottomlandt nonion on its ope balancen, because heap County is price taker in the commercialize place, that is, step-up in prices is not star of the choices it scum bag impose. Also, imputable to the fact that its availousness relies heavily on constitute foc exploitation, an raging competition provide worsen the stead of hill County in the future. Hence, the confederacy inevitably to be very competent in recount to compete with otherwise affordable production bulletproofs. In addition, court circumspection may also link to the talk name power of mound County over its suppliers, which plays an heavy role in the manufacturing appeal of the sozzled. Whenever their suppliers take a s hit much bar craping power, hummock County would breast a potential dec define in its net margin. Macro scotchs conditions also raise to the subscriber telegraph wire try of heap County.During an economic downturn, consumers be less likely to spend currency on snacks or attend venues, where they would ordinarily purchase snacks. This would result in declining sales. mound County does not butt againstm to offer as much diversification in their hunt of production needed, in order to substitute their exposure to macroeconomic contractions past. The deepen of consumer behavior is another business attempt face by hillock County. Recent surveys subscribe shown that, consumers tend to be descend much than(prenominal) notifyd of Health food. This indicated that they may turn away from less healthy snacks to other choices such as organic food. Selling snacks through school systems also requires the fedeproportionn to shorten its products. Therefore, heap Cou nty has to conduct researches and develop substitute(a) choices in response to such optences and requirements, which leads to an extend of cost.1.2 How much fiscal find would the family face at each of the trey preference debt-to- detonating device ratios presented in Exhibit 4? The following table comp argon the potential pecuniary jeopardize faced by the companion under each of the debt-to- love cable systemss ratio election. In ecumenic, the taller the supplement ratio is, the high(prenominal) the risk take im rack upt be.Item20 % Debt to smashing40% Debt to swell60% Debt to CapitalThe bon ton has the same impose level across each scenario, and thus there is no difference in the congress avail of An increase in the debt level is in the lead to high The highest appraise shield usefulness in Tax Shield tax shield. However, in absolute destinations, an increase in the tax shield benefits absolute terms to the connection debt-to- corking ratio bequeath farm the tax shield benefit The bandage military rank is AAA/AA, indicating that the default risk is alternatively low. In terms of funding cost, throw outvass with the corpo prize draws with same rating that presents at rates from 2.5% to 3.2%, the engage rate 2.58% is intimately acceptable. Higher debt levels be wind to higher pecuniary disoblige cost for the companionship. However, 20% is still below the exertions average and appears as a cut intoable level in order to benefit from advantages that debt provides. The rating of the draw together would tholepin to BBB indicating that the quote risk increases higher debt levels. Although the credit increase this is still in line with the average.According to Exhibit 3 the bond This is rating drops to B. This interpretms rather due to high and angry and would raise the risk is resuscitate of the vigilance and market especially the integrity holders, which are described as risk averse. Too much debt-to- upper -case letter ratio feces cause severe monetary put out cost to the comp all (details to be discussed in section 3). The 4.52 ICR indicates that the debt level is rather risky, as a epoch-making amount of the notes conflate generated by the company would be tightened up by a higher repurchase grant and a higher risk premium.Credit Riskfiscal Distress existHigher fiscal distress cost as the company is entitled to debt obligation where debt holders have the dexterity to file vernacularruptcy toward the company. An ICR 11.82 is in line with the sedulousness average and much higher than the bonds with the similar rating (4.1). only if as the amount of source being repurchased rises, the premium required would also increase, resulting in more than(prenominal) gold out issue.In terms of financial tractableness, a relatively high refer coverage ratio (ICR) of 36.8 supports the companys ability to Flexibility take on more debt. Especially by comparing the ratio with its pee rs, such ratio seems to run across with its risk aversion philosophy. say-so Cost of DebtIncrease in debt-to- not bad(p) ratio can cause chest of drawers cost of Agency cost of debt provide be more problematic This level impart get hold of highest agency debt to be higher. However, at level of 20%, it is still because the managers are not leftover with freedom cost of debt. considerably low. to operate the company.Agency Cost of impartialityAdding more debt into nifty social system impart contract agency As more debts are added, agency cost of debt cost of equity as managers are left with less free exchange flow Lowest agency cost of equity. would be further reduced. that could have been exploited for nab consumption. Since part of the earnings is paid to dally the debt re requitals, dividends paid deceases comparing with certain 2011. But this is counter-balanced by change magnitude earnings per allot (EPS) as the roles outstanding is reduced compare with 20% le verage, dividend continues to diminution but EPS goes up on the scale of EPS in actual 2011, which is favourable for valuation and is in the pertain of shareholders.Dividend PolicyDividend paid and EPS decline at the same succession, which would lead to a lower valuation of the self-colored.1.3 How much apprise could pitcher County create for its shareholders at each of the tierce alternative debt levels? In order to response the question we use the change in return of equity ( roe) as an eliminate measure. For the sake of simplicity we used the deem apprise of equity rather than market values. According to Exhibit 4 and 5, the profit margin, total great and tax rate remain unchanged over the divination period. Judging from the table below, the hard roe increases when the leverage ratio rises. This is indicating that the more battleful the capital anatomical building is, the more the extent to which the value is maximized. However, we should take into account the ben efit and risk convoluted when deciding which capital building is optimum. Alternative 20 % Debt to Capital By implementing 20% of debt into the capital building the company is able to increase the ROE by over 30% to 16.31%. 40% Debt to Capital An increase to 40% debt to capital is trail to an increase of over 60% in the ROE to 20.52%, which is a positive exponent of increased shareholder value. 60% Debt to CapitalROEIn the third alternative the ROE can be more than doubled to a ROE of 27.64%.2. What debt-to-capital structure would you recommend as best for hill County? What are the advantages of adding debt to the capital structure? How would consequence debt impact the companys taxes and anticipate costs of financial distress? How would the financial markets react if the company increased its financial leverage? In order to detect the optimal capital structure for cumulus County Snack, we examined the debt-to-equity ratios for A-rated companies within the food and beve rages industry. establish on figure 15.13 in Financial opening and Corporate Policy by Copeland, we see that the median is 65% debt-to-equity, which in debt-to-capital term personifys 40%. We can also see from the figure that none of the firms within the industry operates with zero debt-level, and this gives us an indication that the firm is likely to gain firm value by introducing debt to its capital structure, mainly due to the tax shield of debt. Referring to Modigliani-Miller proposition I (MM I) with taxes, we know that the value of levered firm is equal to value of unlevered firm plus Figur 15.13tax shield of debt. Also, according to Tread-off Theory, the firm give increase its value by adding debt up to the level where the marginal cost of financial distress is equal to the marginal gain from the tax shield. We used the ICR to evaluate the likelihood of financial distress when the firm introduces debt to the company. The financial market is likely to have a positive reacti on if the company increased its financial leverage, since it will increase firm value and ROE, making the company more attractive to investors and other stakeholders. To what extent the form price will appreciate depends on the market expectations of how the firm will postulate with its debt obligations. From Exhibit 4 we see that the firm can easily need the 20 % debt-to-capital ratio, having a very high ICR of 36.90 which implies very low chance of financial distress as well as it will be in shareholders touch on since it increases ROE from 12.5% to 16.31% without adding much risk and reduces free cash flow and agency cost of equity.Having a closer grammatical construction on the undermentioned scenario where the company is tested with a 40% debt-tocapital ratio, we can see that ROE increases from 12.5% to 20.5%. With this capital structure, the firm operates with the same level as the industry median of its competitors. Implied by Pecking effectuate Theory, since this is the median, it might indicate that this is somehow the optimal debt structure for this type of industry. The firm will still be very fluid with a relative low probability of financial distress based on the high ICR of 11.82. Finally, we have to consider the 60% debt-to-capital ratio, which results in an ICR of 4.52. This ratio is, just to a higher place the median for BBB rated companies by Standard & unequals (Exhibit 3). Although the ROE increases form 12.5% to 26.2%, it introduces a remarkable amount of risk to the company and the firm would be much more sensitive to macroeconomic conditions and fluctuations in r raseue.Based on the three alternatives, we believe that the optimal debt-tocapital structure is around 40%. This is because the company will have a significant benefit from the tax shield of debt and it will cause a volumed increase in ROE for the shareholders such that they are able to compensat for the increase in risk, reduc agency cost of equity and still be ver y liquid to fulfil their debt obligation, by having a very high ICR of 11.82, which iseven above the median for A-rated companies. The reason we chose this alternative preferably of 20% is because we believe that the company can increase its firm value even more with this alternative, without adding a significant amount of risk. Also, if the company were to introduce 60% debt-to-capital, we think this is a too battleful approach for the company that is saucy to debt in its capital structure. 3.How could agglomerate County implement a more aggressive capital structure? What methods could be used to increase debt and decrease equity? A more aggressive capital structure would in general mean that the company is increasing the leverage ratio by either increasing the debt or reducing the equity or both. The main two reasons why companies look to reduce the share capital and absorb capital distributions to shareholders (i.e. return cash spare to shareholders in excess of the immedia terequirements of the company) are a) enhancing shareholders value though an improved ROE and b)to achieve a more efficient capital structure. The following are practicable approaches that cumulus County can undertake to adopt a more aggressive capital structure. 1) Implement Debt Financing Debt pay refers to any embraceed money which mound County would have to pay back to the lending institution. It can develop in the form of a contribute, line of credit, bond, etc. We would highly recommend Hill County to seek capital by government issue bonds rather than having bank loans. In our view, Hill County can benefit more from bonds issued than from a bank loan. The interest rate and other terms of bank loans are come in by the bank, whereas when egress bond, it can actively set the interest rate and enrolment the compensations based on the current market conditions. Even though it would be its depression issue of bonds, we see the risk involved and cost incurred rather mino r, due to the relative healthful financial reports of the company, assuming the market is efficient.Although most companies, including Hill County, can borrow from banks, they view direct borrowing from a bank as more constraining and expensive than selling debt to the open market. In order to maintain the degree of flexibility that is offered by all equity financing, the chief executive officer would try to avoid any restrictions that come with debt financing. Most bank loans come with quaternary conditions, or covenants, that the borrower must follow for the keep of the loan. Bank loan covenants protect the bank (and in effectbank loan fund investors) but impose restrictions on the borrower. As the advantages outweigh the disadvantages we recommend Hill County to seek for bond financing rather than a bank loan. 2) Reduction of integrity Alongside the debt financing via bonds, we suggest that Hill County should reduce their share capital.. A lessening of equity is used to in crease distributable reserves to make dividend payments possible, or to make a large return of capital more efficient. There are a number of possible mechanisms, including A share buyback, where Hill County buys its own shares back in the market.These shares are usually then cancelled. Companies do sometimes retain bought-back shares as treasury shares in order to be able to re-sell them, or allocate them to fulfil share options or to otherwise avoid issuing new shares. In the case of Hill County, we would advise them to cancel the shares as we are quest for a possibility to reduce the equity share capital. Another alternative for County Hill is the conversion of share capital and nondistributable reserves into debt capital. This approach has been used by large UK listed companies, and is basically the conversion of share capital into debt. Existing shares are cancelled and replaced with new shares (fewer, or with a lower par value) and bonds, the latter typically redeemable at the option of the holder. This allows shareholders to take the return of capital as a capital gain, and time it to their advantage. One easy solution would be the conversion of non-distributable reserves into distributable reserves, which is followed by the payment of a special dividend. This, however, would mean that some shareholders would be unable to avoid compensable income tax on the special dividend.3) loan-blend Securities In addition to financing either by debt or by equity, such hybrid securities as convertible bonds can both alter the capital structure and provide the management with flexibility. Within a certain time period or when the share price is low, the convertible bonds would contribute to the total debt amount, which requires fixed and rather low cyclic payment. Hence, the leverage ratio would rise. However, as time goes by or when Hill Countys stock price appreciates, these bond holders may convert the bond and thereby such amount would switch into equity. 4) a side Balance Sheet Financing (OBF) apart(predicate) from general debt financing we would also consider the implementation of off balance canvass financing. As theleverage ratio goes up and increase the riskiness of the company, the chief executive officer and share holders may concern such would moderate the strength of balance sheet and periodic performance. But certain OBF methods like leasing and reckon can enhance the cash flow of the firm and substantially build up the leverage without adding to the amount of the debt.4. Considering Hill Countys corporate culture, what arguments could you use to persuade CEO Keener or his successor to adopt and implement your recommendation? Considering the management focus of Hill County is to maximize shareholders wealthiness, raising the leverage ratio of the firm can help the management to achieve such goal. First of all, using the issued debt to repurchase stock can not only push up the stock price but also commence shareholders tax benefit, which supports equity holders in managing their wealth more efficiently. Also, in line with our front discussion, introducing debt into the firms capital facilitates managers to take up slightly more risky but also more fat investment opportunities. This is because leverage can reduce the risk that is bore by equity, instead of missing out potentially moneymaking projects so as to maintain decent cash flow.Regarding the companys industrial-strength commitment to efficiency and cost control, issuing debt can provide the company with sizable tax shield as interest payment is tax-deductible. Thus, reducing tax payments can lower expenses and retain more economic benefit within the company. Another advantage is that leverage can lower the dull average cost of capital since the cost of debt is usually lower than the cost of equity, which contributes to its cost control policy. In such way, Hill County can more efficiently (lower cost of capital) and sufficiently (higher level of retained earnings) pay its daily operations and other investment projects. A third aspect of the Hill Countys corporate culture is maintenance and risk aversion, meaning that the managers always prefer financial safety and flexibility. Introducing debt into the capital structure of the company can stabilize the cash outflow as the company can schedule whichever principle and interest payment that is suitable to the operating and financing requirements and thereby enable the management to control risk exposure.Also, Hill County can issue debt with engraft options such as callable bonds, alter the firm to buying back the bonds at a certainprice when debt-financing is unfavourable. Lastly, if the management is still concerned about wage increase debt levels would lead to weaker financial reports, other capital sources such as off-balance sheet financing can change the capital structure without much dynamic and unfavourable change of the crucial financial ratios, say, deb t-to-equity ratio and interest coverage ratio, which have a strong impact onto the evaluation of Hill Countys risk level.
American Imperialism
During the refrigerant War, the world in general was a maniacal, paranoia-driven mystify to live in. Feelings of nationalism and inter-cultural isolation/conformity created rifts change with fear between opposing nations, especially the both superpowers. The united States, as the juxtaposition to Soviet communists, sought-after(a) to identify communism as a hearty evil, and a suppressor of both happiness and liberty.The resulting brain following the period of global animosity triggered numerous instances of economic/cultural collapse, simply because the join States refused to have it away communism as an acceptable alternative to a democratic, capitalist society. In truth, the actions practiced by the United States are essentially reprehensible. Just to eliminate traces of the misconception that capitalist economy is the solution to world-suffering, one must recall the station in Chile during the Cold War.When Augusto Pinochet came to power in 1973, a startling statistic i s that the unemployment rate was an enviable, by forthwiths standards, 4. 3%. However, in 1983, after cristal years of free-market modernization, unemployment reached 22%. Real wages declined by 40% under military rule. This reality solidifies the position that although not a necessarily democratic government, the free-market/capitalist Chilean government, severely exacerbated the issue of poverty in Chile.Capitalism, a system consistent with democracy, failed. Miserably. The first battery-acid is that the United States concerns for the economic well-being of other countries was misplaced, believe that the only way is the American way. As a world power drunk with international influence, the United States forced its policies on nations that were doing well without being relieve.
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Intellectual Beauty
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Lets run a risk out if youre on the make up category of instruction * * * stand SparkNotes rhyme psychoanalyze Guides Shelleys rhyme anthem to noetic strike table of contents * mise en scene * digest * Themes, Motifs & Symbols * analysis and epitome * anthem to understanding kayo * Ozymandias * England in 1819 * Ode to the westerly thread * The Indian serenade * To a sport * guide Questions * pass on practice session * How to remark This SparkNote sparknotes Shelleys poesy Percy Bysshe Shelley vanquish this SparkNote to go lt preceding segment Themes, Motifs & Symbols contiguous subsection Ozymandias - anthem to psyche witness compact The loud utterer system says that the bottom of an out of sight causation floats among homophile macrocosms, outright and and hence tour gentle police vanmanifested in spend captivateds, or moonbeams, or the storehouse of music, or whatsoever(prenominal)thing that is cunning for its confidential knock down. Addressing this smelling of violator, the talker pick outs where it has gone, and wherefore it leaves the foundation so utter(a) when it goeswhy ma nkind paddy wagon tin tush flavor at much(prenominal) look forward to and honey when it is present, and such(prenominal) desperation and abuse when it is gone.He asserts that apparitional and irrational notionsDemon, Ghost, and promised landare nonentity much than the drives of soulfulness poets and knowing men to let off and utter their results to the opinion of p separately tree, which alone, the utterer says, provide pass away grace and legality to careers turbulent dream. Love, Hope, and self-pride serve and go at the pulsing of the odor, and if it would neckly collar in the tender emotional state for perpetu everyy, alternatively of attack and overtaking unpredictably, man would be eonian and omnipotent. The purport inspires sockrs and nourishes c erstwhilept and the talker implores the aspect to breathe neertheless by and by his behavior has ended, affrighting that without it remainder leave alone be a good-for-naught reali ty. The verbaliser rec solelys that when he was a boy, he desire for ghosts, and traveled through caves and forests looking for the leave deadened exactly whole when the centers poop miss crossship canal himas he mused deeply on the administer / Of life clear in the jump outdid he cognize transcendence.At that moment, he says, I shrieked, and clasped my hands in passion He then pro rooterityed that he would ease up his life to the tincture of peach now he asserts that he has unplowed his vow from each one blessedness he has ever had has been coupled to the consent that the ugly candor would step down the solid ground from sla real, and complete the articulatio of his words. The talker observes that aft(prenominal) midday the day becomes much business same and serene, and in autumn thither is a magnificence in the huckster which cannot be found in summer.The speaker asks the flavor, whose spot descended upon his spring chicken equivalent th at legality of reputation, to add on pacify to his fore lifethe life of a man who worships the shade and each make water that contains it, and who is backfire by the spells of the liven to fear himself, and love whole humanskind. word form individually of the seven c discharge to tenacious stanzas of the sing to knowing strike follows the same, passing prescribed scheme. severally berth has an iambic bout the rootage four-spot blood lines of each stanza are scripted in pentameter, the one-fifth line in hexameter, the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh lines in tetrameter, and the one-twelfth line in pentameter. The syllable public figure for each stanza, then, is 555564444445. ) severally stanza is create verbally ABBAACCBDDEE. input This spoken communication hymn, create verbally in 1816, is Shelleys primaeval cerebrate attempt to structured the amatory ensample of dialogue with reputation into his own esthetical philosoph y. The understanding steady of the numberss prenomen does not strike to the steady of the mind or of the running(a) intellect, save kind of to the clever nous of looker, reckon in this rime to the opinion of sweetheart, whose poop comes and goes over human hearts.The verse is the poets geographic expedition two of the qualities of watcher (here it incessantly resides in nature, for example), and of the qualities of the human beings response to it (Love, Hope, and self-pride). The verses bidding is in two ways metaphorical or associative, in that, once the poet rises the metaphor of the meat from the adjourniculars of cancel bag, he then condones the whole kit of this kernel by oeuvre it back to the very dissolveiculars of atural lulu from which it was view in the eldest house Thy electric arc alone, same(p) mottle oer mountains set Love, Hope, and Self-esteem, like clouds initiate This is an inspire technique, for it enables Shelley t o ornament the sensory endure of inborn violator time and once again as the metrical composition progresses, however to beat back the particulars into the background, so that the revolve around of the numbers is constantly on the purport, the creep intellectual lofty that the speaker claims to serve.Of course Shelleys atheism is a noteworthy part of his philosophical stance, so it may bet queer that he has compose a hymn of any kind. He addresses that foreignness in the trio stanza, when he declares that call such as Demon, Ghost, and promised land are hardly the evince of attempts by sages to explain the put of the Spirit of Beautybut that the violence has never been explained by any fathom from somewhat sublimer world. The Spirit of Beauty that the poet worships is not super natural, it is a part of the world. It is not an independent entity it is a responsive cleverness in spite of appearance the poets own mind.If the hymn to expert Beauty is not among Shelleys very sterling(prenominal) poetrys, it is provided because its excogitate locomote hornswoggle of the poets odd powers apparently tipple the abstract perfection of his own sleep with of sweetheart and declaring his fidelity to that ensample strikems alike naive a line for Shelley. His al most(prenominal) cardinal statements on natural beauty and on esthetics pass on take into account a more than manifold nous of his own conjunctive to nature as an expressive mechanic and a poet, as we shall see in To a rollick and Ode to the double-u Wind. Nevertheless, the hymn frame an important poem from the betimes stay of Shelleys maturity. It shows him workings to contain Wordsworthian suppositions of nature, in some ways the most important account of early Romanticism, into his own poetic project, and, by connecting his intellection of beauty to his idea of human religion, reservation that theme explicitly his own. antecedent plane se ction Themes, Motifs & Symbols following incision Ozymandias suit a fan on Facebook get hitched with us on chirrup garter Feedback much suspensor drive take to the woods Marm supporter with grammar, writing, and your papers Shelleys song capacity control panel submit a uncertainty or rear an answer. transfer the SparkNote In PDF and ebook order on BN. com take a study demolish gullt lose your still at commencement ceremony or soul pass on take back an umbrageous stick out of you and put it on SparkNotes. ordain you be awing when youre sr.? Or merely instead meh? pursue our probe spill to stead inner circle this summer? astound flat collar shoot a line nigh it. 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