Comparing ethical theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing ethical theories - Assignment Example He stated that an individual experiences the state of happiness by performing actions that they deem as being good. He further added that the good behavior that becomes highly desirable without any reason being associated with it is considered as an ethical act. He further added that the good that is assigned the highest status is the state of happiness (Timmons 215). He stated that an individual can perform various virtues acts that can result in the achievement of happiness. He did not narrowly define what he meant by virtue because virtue for different individuals is defined differently. He even stated that happiness cannot be attained by simply performing a virtuous act for one time; a person needs to carry out those acts throughout their life to attain the state of happiness. Kant was of the idea that an act or opinion can only be considered as an ethical one if the reason for performing that particular act was that the person who is caring out that act was ready to accept the same act being conducted against him in the same situation in which he was making a decision or any other situation (Gensler 294). This means that while performing an act an if an individual makes up his mind for accepting the same act being carried out against him in any situation, then only the act will be recognized as an ethical one. The motive that is drives a particular act was regarded by Kant as maxim which is the reason for carrying out an act (Höffe 263). Kant believed in the principle of universality which means that acts that are considered ethical are considered good throughout the world and there is no difference between how different cultures define the same act while making ethical decisions. The main strengths of Aristotle’s theory are that it emphasizes on the importance of pleasure of an individual. It does not consider

Golden Age of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Golden Age of Capitalism - Essay Example This was a time when commerce was being revolutionized with the emergence of new technologies in transport and communication which facilitated the international markets. Railroads and steamships were used for land transportation of goods. This gave birth to the international market with goods being transported between countries such as America and England. The development of international commerce in manufactures on such a scale was only possible because of an increase in international flows of capital and the international provision of financial services (Milward 22). This was evident in post world war II economy of Europe. By 1950 more a great percentage of the income of foreign nations such Denmark was from foreign trade with other nations. The exchange rate between national currencies was stable despite the intensity among warring nations that was building up. As a result nations were able to prosper and grow economically and promote interdependence. The standard of living for ma ny citizens was at the time much better and continued to improve with the increase in the national income per capita as a result of economic success. Over the period 1950-70, the rate of growth of output in the construction sector was between 4 and 7 per cent a year over Western Europe as whole, and thus somewhat higher than the rate of growth of total output (Milward 52). This added to the success and economic dependence of nations after World War II. Thus different sectors of different nations that specialized in a trade to facilitate growth, rose considerably. The trade deficit with the dollar zone increased threefold between 1951 and 1957 (Milward 182). This increased output and western Europe had a surplus that was unprecedented. Help extended to the citizens of a nation post war was crucial in establishing the state as a means for the people to better themselves. The sweeping reform of the German pensions systems in 1955-7 , a bid by the Christian Democratic Union for a long-term middle class electoral support, had little in common, for example with the extension of public welfare in Sweden or Norway except an adherence to the view that the stability of the state required a positive response to the demand for welfare (Milward 47). This was important in conveying to the public that in accordance with the welfare policies in place, they too were to contribute to the growth of the economy in the countries mentioned. In my persp ective, this was a time of great trials and tribulations, those getting richer were foreign investors, bankers and merchants. Governments dealt a hand, and immersed their economies in the growing world market. This period thus gave rise to a flurry of new job opportunities in transportation and communication. The post-war reconstruction of nations aided by technological advancements was meant to rebuild the economy, promote industrialization and modernization. As a result of the success achieved in this endeavor, it was necessary for the governments to maintain it for purposes of achieving economic dependence. Political stability of this age put participating countries in the forefront of international trade, investments, travel and migration which increased more than any other period. It is incredible how nations were able to experience a period that was high in economic growth as a result of transportation and communication advancements. This period was unique and cannot at this time be

Israeli-Palestinian conflict communication

Israeli-Palestinian conflict communication CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Definition of Communication Although communication is omnipresent, it appears nonetheless difficult to define. Different individuals define communication in different ways depending upon their interests. Ruben (1984) says that communication is any â€Å"information related behaviour† while Dale (1969) says it is the â€Å"sharing of ideas and feelings in a mood of mutuality.† Other definitions emphasise the significance of symbols, as in Berelson and Steiner (1964): â€Å"The transmission of information, ideas, emotions and skill by the use of symbols,† and Theodorson (1969): â€Å"the transmission of information, ideas, attitudes, or emotion from one person or group to another, primarily through symbols.† The Universal Law of Communication states that all living entities communicate. Through movement, sounds, reactions, gestures, language and among others (S. F, Scudder, 1900. In his research, Prof. Albert Mehrabian (UCLA, 1967) identified three major parts that convey meaning in human face to face communication: body language, voice tonality, and words. He determined how people make meaning when a speaker says one thing but means another. If the speaker is sending a mixed message the listener will rely on the following cues to determine true meaning. He found that 55% of impact is determined by body language-postures, gestures, and eye contact, 38% by the tone of voice, and 7% by the content or the words spoken. Although the exact percentage of influence may differ due to variables such as the perceptions or biases of the listener and the speaker, communication as a whole is meant to convey meaning and thus, in some cases, can be universal. Hence, communication can be classified into three types: Non-Verbal Communication which includes sending and receiving messages through gestures, body language, facial expression and eye contacts. Visual Communication is through using visual aids that can be read and look upon such as signs, typography, drawing, graphic design and illustration. Verbal or Oral Communication is anyinformation that is transferred from a sender to receiver usually by a verbal means but visual aid can support the process and it includes speeches, presentations and discussions. 2.1 Effective Communication Effective communication is very important for working successfully with other people, groups or countries. It enables us to maintain relationships and accomplish tasks with them. The effectiveness of any communication is judged by how closely the receivers understanding matches the senders intent. In the final analysis, the only message that matters is the one the other person receives (Dave Sharpe, 1991, Circular 1291). The two ways flow of communication is commonly addressed in interpersonal communication with two elaborations of Shannons model which is often labelled as the action model of communication; the interactive model and the trans-active model. (Weiner, 1948, 1986). This can be illustrated in the following diagram: The key concept associated with this elaboration is that destinations provide feedback on the messages they receive such that the information sources can adapt their messages, in real time. This is an important elaboration, and as generally depicted, a radically oversimplified one. Feedback is a message (or a set of messages). The source of feedback is an information source. The consumer of feedback is a destination. Feedback is transmitted, received, and potentially disrupted via noise sources. None of this is visible in the typical depiction of the interactive model. This doesnt diminish the importance of feedback or the usefulness of elaborating Shannons model to include it. People really do adapt their messages based on the feedback they receive. It is useful, however, to notice that the interactive model depicts feedback at a much higher level of abstraction than it does messages (Davis Foulger, 2004). This difference in the level of abstraction is addressed in the transactional model of communication. This can be shown in table 2 which depicts the Transactional Model of Communication: This model acknowledges neither creators nor consumers of messages, preferring to label the people associated with the model as communicators who both create and consume messages. The model presumes additional symmetries as well, with each participant creating messages that are received by the other communicator. This is, in many ways, an excellent model of the face-to-face interactive process which extends readily to any interactive medium that provides users with symmetrical interfaces for creation and consumption of messages. It is, however, a distinctly interpersonal model that implies equality between communicators that often doesnt exist, even in interpersonal contexts (Hopper, 1992). In case of the Israeli Palestinian conflict, the one that is more powerful may tend to lead the communication and thus, creating more barriers to communication to solve the conflicting issues. 2.2 Definition of Conflict Most conflicts result as a state of disagreement stemming from perceived values, beliefs, interests, goals and motives. It can be between individuals, groups or between two countries. Research carried out on peace and conflict assumes that conflicts are the expression of opposing interests, that they are characteristic for modern societies and that they are endemic in modern societies. â€Å"A conflict exists when two people wish to carry out acts which are mutually inconsistent. It is resolved when some mutually compatible set of actions is worked out. The definition of conflict can be extended from individuals to groups (such as states or nations), and more than two parties can be involved in the conflict. The principles remain the same.† (M. Nicholson 1992:11) 2.3 Defining the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict History created divisive issues between both Israelis and Palestinians. The land of Judea[1], was conquered by the Roman Empire and named Palestine and it was further conquered and inhabited by Arabs for a thousand years. Before Britain conquered Jerusalem and the surrounding area known to be Palestine, in November 1917, the â€Å"Balfour Declaration[2]† was issued. This declaration stated that Britain support the creation of a National Homeland of the Jewish People in Mandated Palestine without violating the rights of the existing Arab population. This eventually led to rioting and pogroms against Jews creating a history of enmity between Jews and Arabs. Following the World War II (1939-1945), in which more than six million Jews were killed by the Nazis, pressure increased for the creation of a Jewish State. The United Nations Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) held that Palestine be partitioned into an Arab State and a Jewish State. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the partition plan (UN Resolution GA 181) and the modern state of Israel (Medinat Yisrael) was created and independence was declared on 14 May 1948 and David Ben Gurion become the first Prime Minister. The Arabs rejected the partitioned plan and refused to recognise Israel and wars broke out in 1948 known as ‘War of Independence and the Jews won decisively expanding their State territories. The conflict continued to deepen without any concrete solutions to the problems. In 1956, the second war broke out with Egypt (Sinai War) and in 1967 another war occurred (Six-day War) followed by ‘War of Attrition in 1968 making the conflict worse. In 1973, the Arabs Countries tried to invade and attack Israel (Yom Kippur War) but failed as Israel retaliated strategically to defend herself. There were many terror raids and Israeli reprisals. In 1982 and 2006 war broke out between Israel and Lebanon making hundreds of victims on both sides. Two â€Å"Intifadas†[3] in broke out in 1983 and 2000 and the violence continued to increased and thus reducing the prospect of peace. In December 2008 Israel launched an unprecedented attack on Gaza Strip (Cast Lead Operation) to stop the firing of short range missiles (rockets) leading to the Israeli Palestinian peace talk to collapse. Each side believes different versions of the same history and views the conflict as wholly the fault of the other (Ami Isseroff June 2009). 2.4 Rethinking the Two-State Solution (Maj. Gen. Giora Eiland, 2008) The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Though all conflicts have their own distinctive features, the Israeli Palestinian conflict is singular in various aspects. In the first place, it not a territorial dispute involving two parties but also a situation on which one nation is under occupation by another (Focus Policy 88, 2008). In the work ‘Rethinking the Two-State Solution the problem this conflict creates has implication beyond the specific interest of the disputing parties (Griora Eiland Al, 2008). However, it is believed that this conflict dilemma is at the root of the Middle East unrest link to the Iranian nuclear threat and other global challenges. There appears to be a clear international interest to resolve the conflict ranging from the ‘Oslo Accords[4] to the ‘Annapolis Conference[5] to support the general approach of the two-state solution. Yet, the ‘Oslo Accord created an illusion that the situation was changing and though after its collapse, it maybe possible to reach a political agreement. Many Israelis are concerned that pursuing such an agreement is a lose-lose situation as Palestinians will not meet their end of bargain (Yehuda Ben Meir and Dafna Shaked, 2007) The paradox for the moment between the conflicting parties is that they truly do not desire the conventional two state approach and the Arab World specially Jordan and Egypt are not supportive to it as the success is slim and the political risk is high for both leaders. Today, the conflict has surpassed the classical view and has become a conflict against the rise of extremist in the region (Tzipi Livni, 2008). However, the problems still remains regarding the settlement issues in the land that Palestinians claim for their future state, Jerusalem where both nationalists and religions are intertwined, security arrangements, the refugees status and their rights of returns and the smuggling of weapons by terrorist groups through their armed allies like Lebanese Hezbollah and the Iranian regime that calls for the destruction of Israel (Natasha Gill, 2008). 2.5 Intercultural or Cross- Cultural Communication, Dialogue and Perception Change Intercultural communication involves the investigation of culture and the difficulties of communicating across cultural boundaries. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture (Samovar Porter, 1982). Since all aspects of communication are both, a response to and a function of our culture, socialisation in a culture determines what communicative behaviours are perceived as appropriate or desirable within a given context (Samovar Porter, 1982). In addition to the use of verbal messages, during face-to-face interaction a great deal of information about personality, beliefs, values, and social status are transmitted and interpreted, often subconsciously, through non-verbal channels (Birdwhistell,1970; Burgeon et al., 1989; Mehrabian, 1969, 1972). The meaning of both verbal and nonverbal messages is drawn upon past experiences, personal knowledge of language and word meaning, and the social context in which a communicative event occurs. In intercultural encounters, observed behaviours may be interpreted by applying cultural frameworks that are inappropriate to the context in which the communication takes place, thus resulting in misinterpretation and misunderstanding, and even in negative stereotyping (Brislin, Cushner, Cherrie Young, 1982).While stereotyping responds to a human tendency towards categorisation and simplification of highly complex realities, negative stereotypes and prejudice are definite obstacles to successful intercultural communication and mutual understanding. In order for these barriers to be lowered, learners need to develop awareness and understanding of their own, as well as of their interactants, cultural universe, including â€Å"beliefs, values, customs, habits or life styles† (Samovar Proter, 1982) At the International Association For Conflict Management Annual Convention held in Spain in 1999, two basic questions were raised which concerned the role of culture and particularly religious culture and the impact of dialogue and contact in improving the Israeli- Palestinian conflict (Dr Mollov Dr Laive,1999). In his seminal realist theory of international relations, Hans J. Morgenthau gave little importance to cultural discourse between nations but instead he laid emphasis on the clash of power and interest. Therefore, there is a need to reach stability by attaining viable balances of power and the exercise of responsible diplomacy (Morgenthau, 1969). Recent researchers have emphasised that the importance of the cultural variables can either help to move forward or backward understandings between nations (Cohen, 1990). Inter-civilisation conflict like the Israeli- Palestinian conflict has put forward that international stability can advance by nations by discovering and developing intercultural understanding and appreciation with each other (Huntington, 1996) and recent research in the field of political psychology showed the importance of culture and psychological perceptions in politics (Pye, 1997). The research carried out by the Interdisciplinary Department of Social Science of Bar Ilan University, Israel, concentrated on evaluating the impact of inter-group and inter-personal communication based on mutual perception change between Israelis and Palestinians. According to the Social Scientist Karl Deutsch, there is a need to investigate the foundations of community building between nations in the form of amalgamated or pluralistic security communities where there is need of interpersonal ties and the intensity of social communication in the creation and upholding of such communities (Deutsch, 1957). The work of peace building is much affected by perception change and the quality of interpersonal interactions. The investigation of the numerous aspects of inter-group communication emphasise the decisive elements and conditions for effective encounters including ‘equal status contacts that should also be intimate rather than casual encounters for building efforts of cooperation, relations and institutional (Amir, 1969). In a series of dialogue held between a group of Palestinian students and Israeli students which lasted for four years, from 1994 to 1999, focused on commonalities between Islam and Judaism and this led to a spin off cooperative efforts and increased cooperation and interactions between the two groups of students from both sides. There were reports of warm atmosphere during face to face meetings and this attributed that achievement to the discovery of commonalities in the others religious culture (Mollov and Barhoum, 1998). Approximately 90 students had participated in this initiative and at the end of it, there was positive development of family visitation and strong friendships that developed during the process and hence in wake of violent events both issued condemnation and condolences. 2.6 The Israeli- Egyptian conflict resolution as a reference Scholar Raymond Cohen has written about how miscommunication can occur when even elite specialists and diplomats must negotiate across cultural boundaries. One of his examples focuses on the Egyptian-Israeli conflict through the 1970s. He questions why, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Israeli deterrence based on large-scale use of force against Egypt for terrorist attacks emanating out of Egypt against Israel, failed to actually deter attacks. A cultural analysis revealed deep differences between Israeli and Egyptian understandings relating to violence, vengeance, and vendetta. He concluded that Israels use of massive force violated Egyptian understandings about culturally â€Å"appropriate† vengeance and retribution. In particular, Israelis misunderstood Egyptian conventions of appropriate â€Å"proportionality† in these matters. The â€Å"cultural logic† of Israeli deterrence was that the more disproportionate the punishment the greater the compliance. But Egyptians understood matters differently. What they regarded as highly disproportionate vengeance on Israels part had the effect of shaming and humiliating them, leading to a serious loss of honor in a culture where honor is deeply valued. To erase the shame and regain the lost honor, Egypt supported further attacks against Israel. The effect Israelis hoped to achieve, Egyptian compliance in stopping cross-border attacks to avoid mounting reprisals , was not achieved. Israeli action produced the opposite effect, providing Egyptians with strong reasons to ensure their support of incursions into Israel. In this case cultural misunderstandings led to an intensification of the conflict, producing what is sometimes called a â€Å"conflict spiral.† Ultimately, this cost many lives on both sides (Kevin Avruch CROSS-CULTURAL CONFLICT, 2004). The former President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, made an unprecedented gesture by visiting Israel though there were no ties between Israel and Egypt, to reinforce a positive cultural and perception and change to the negative cross cultural differences between the two nations. This led both countries to emerge out of the hatred and miscommunication and together, not only Israelis and Egyptians understood each others but also their Leaders Former Israeli Prime Minister, Shamir and Former Egyptian President Sadat signed peace agreements (Camp David Treaty) under the ageis of the United States in the 1970s. All these were possible because both sides made unprecedented moves to understand their cultural differences for peace in the region, eliminating their barriers of communication like language, religion, hatred, wrong communication channels, stereotyping and perception and also avoiding confrontation. The same happened with Jordan in 1994 leading to full diplomatic relationship with the sec ond Arab/Muslim country after Egypt and later followed by Azerbaijan. 2.7 The Palestinians Unilateral â€Å"Kosovo Strategy† Implications for the PA and Israel Dan Diker (Jan 2010) Article No. 575- Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs The Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas new precondition that the international community recognise the 1967 lines in the West Bank as the new Palestinian border bolsters the assessment that the Palestinians have largely abandoned a negotiated settlement and instead are actively pursuing a unilateral approach to statehood. Senior Palestinian officials note that Palestinian unilateralism is modelled after Kosovos February 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia. European and U.S. support for Kosovos unilateral declaration has led the Palestinian leadership to determine that geopolitical conditions are ripe to seek international endorsement of its unilateral statehood bid, despite the fact that leading international jurists have suggested that the cases of Kosovo and thePalestinian Authorityare historically and legally different. The Palestinians are legally bound to negotiate a bilateral solution with Israel. Unilateral Palestinian threats to declare statehoo d have been rebuffed thus far by the European powers and the United States. The Palestinian â€Å"Kosovo strategy† includes a campaign of delegitimisation of Israel, seeking to isolate Israel as a pariah state, while driving a wedge between Israel and the United States. The unilateral Palestinian bid for sovereignty will also likely turn the Palestinians into the leading petitioner against the State of Israel at the International Criminal Court (ICC). Although the Palestinian Authority is not a state and therefore should have no legal standing before the court, the petition it submitted to the court after theGazawar (Cast lead Operation) was not rejected by the ICC. Finally, a unilateral Palestinian quest for the 1947 lines may well continue even if the 1967 lines are endorsed by the United Nations. The Palestinian Liberation Organisations (PLO) 1988 declaration of independence was based on UN General Assembly Resolution 181, which recognises the 1947 partition plan for Palestine, not the 1967 lines, as the basis for the borders of Israel and an Arabstate. 2.8 Cooperation and Conflict in Negotiation Negotiation refers to a process in which conflicting parties work together to formulate an agreement over the disputes affecting them (Rubin Brown, 1975). The process of negotiation assumes that the disputing parties are willing to communicate and to generate offers, counter-offers, or both. Agreement occurs if and only if the offers made are accepted by both of the parties. Negotiation is comprised of several key components like the disputing parties interests, alternatives, process and the negotiated outcomes that are likely to come in the phases of negotiation during preparation, debating and proposing, bargaining and finalising legal aspects and follow-up (Neale Northcraft, 1991). In his research, Morton Deutsch concluded that most conflicts involve a mix of cooperative and competitive motives. His theory of cooperation and competition serves as a guideline to understand conflict processes and resolutions (Deutsch, 2000). Accordingly, a key element to understand this is to find out the goal interdependence between the conflicting parties. It may also be that the goals are negative leading to a win-lose situation. The disputing parties goals being positively interdependent will yield cooperative relationship for a win-win situation. Deutschs research suggests that constructive processes of conflict resolution are similar to cooperative processes of problem solving and the destructive processes of conflict resolution are similar to competitive processes. A friendly gesture tends to suggest cooperative responses and for competitive responses stir up suspicious and domineering attitudes (Deutsch, 2000). The theory of cooperation and competition implies one to understand conflict, the practice of conflict management, and conflict resolution. A cooperative orientation on the part of the disputing parties will tend to facilitate constructive resolution of the conflict. Deutsch highlights that social support is very important to create and maintain such cooperative orientation (Deutsch, 2000). Constructive resolution is more likely to take place when the conflicting parties would be able to reframe their understanding of their goal and conflict. This will help to adhere to norms, values, respect, honesty and seeking common grounds to find resolutions. Additionally, effective conflict management requires skills and knowledge to establish and maintain effective working relationships leading to problem solving and decision making (Deutsch, 2000) 2.9 Irish Pact Is Mixed Model for Middle-East Article: Newsday (1998, April 1) -Washington Near East Institute Author: Robert Satloff The Israelis and Palestinians have to learn a lot from the Northern Ireland peace accord that solved the conflict in 1998. Both had a common legacy of terrorism with thousands victims. The two conflicts are fundamentally different and the solutions reached are very different, too but the peace process between Israelis and Palestinians does have an important lesson for Northern Ireland: The tough part is implementing an agreement, not reaching it. The conflict has involved the threat of war and neighbouring countries fought five wars during the last 50 years and most Arabs insisted that settlement terms would require the dismantling of the Jewish state and sent most Israelis to their country of origin. The nature of the Arab-Israeli conflict has calmed over the past two decades, with Israels signing of peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan and this lead to reconciliation with the Palestinians in the Oslo accords. Since Ireland gained its independence, the idea of war between the Irish and the British has been unthinkable. In contrast, few Middle Easterners doubt that the moderation of most, which have come to terms with Israel, is only a function of the balance of power. If the Arabs were stronger, Israel weaker and America indifferent, the chorus of â€Å"throw the Jews into the sea† would almost surely be as popular in official Arab circles as, sadly, it is today. If one is able to convince the Israelis that Arab intentions have changed irrevocably, peace would be at hand. In the Palestinian-Israeli context, this would translate into an expansion of the current bilateral negotiation into a trilateral process that includes Jordan, which ruled the West Bank before Israel. Indeed, there is general recognition in the region that while there may be a bilateral contractual solution for the West Bank, there will, in the end, be a trilateral arrangement governing many of its political, economic and military aspects. â€Å"An equally important lesson is dont ever try to dictate terms of an agreement† (President Clinton, 1998). As history has shown, American engagement in diplomacy is necessary for its success, but not sufficient. The Israelis and Palestinians dont need a distinguished ex-senator such as George Mitchell to help them achieve their own solution; they already made their own deal, without direct U.S. assistance, at Oslo. Therefore, to further research on how the Israeli Palestinian conflict can be solved through effective communication, there is a need to adopt a new approach that of using effective communication. In this regards, there is a need to provide solutions to the exiting on-going problems that lead to peace agreements and where two people can live side by side in harmony, strategic cooperation and trust without being affected by extremist ideologies that would ruin the peace prospect. University of Technology, Mauritius The Ancient Kingdom of Judah of the Israelite A letter issued to Lord Rothschild by the Zionist Movement of Great Britain The uprising of the Palestinians against Israelis through waves of Violence Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles A conference held in 2007 to produce a substantive document on resolving theIsraeli-Palestinian conflictalong the lines of President George W. BushsRoadmap For Peace

America Needs a Strong Military Industrial Complex Essay -- War Army D

America Needs a Strong Military Industrial Complex By mid-1942, World War II was looking bleak for the Allied powers. The German Wehrmacht was blitzing through Soviet Russia, the Luftwaffe had laid waste to much of London, Rommel was about to take Africa, and the Japanese nearly had control of the Pacific. Fortunately, as the Axis started running low on materiel, America was increasing the Allied supply dramatically. This enormous production capacity displayed by the U.S. was the product of their new military-industrial complex, as plants across the country geared up production of weapons and combat vehicles and the government began pumping resources into the creation of new military-oriented production facilities. The American industrial surge turned out to be not only the deciding factor in World War II, but also the greatest protection against the Soviet threat during the Cold War that followed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the wake of his defeat at El Alamein, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel declared, â€Å"The bravest men can do nothing without guns, the guns nothing without plenty of ammunition, and neither guns nor ammunition are of much use in mobile warfare unless there are vehicles with sufficient petrol to haul them around†. While Germany and Japan struggled to reproduce materiel at the speed at which it was being lost—leading to shortages for the Afrika Korps in the African desert and the Wehrmacht during Operation Barbarossa—the U.S. began producing it almost as quickly as it could be shipped out. There was virtually no military-industrial complex to speak of before 1940, and America went woefully under prepared into conflict after its losses at Pearl Harbor. However, by 1944 America was turning out 8 aircraft carriers a month, 50 merchant ships a day, one fighter plane every five minutes, and 150 tons of steel every sixty seconds (Walton 540).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While other factors certainly aided in the momentum switch that occurred in late 1942 and 1943 and accelerated to the cessation of hostilities, historian Francis Walton writes that, For the reduction in bloodshed much credit must go to the miraculous tools of war, most of which, in the hands of the victors, were ‘Made in the U.S.A.’ It is the considered judgment of the military experts that in World War II ‘our victories were the product of massed materiel rather than the highest military skill’(4). Walton i... ... the United States is the undisputed military, economic, cultural, and political leader of the world, a title it earned for the most part with relatively little bloodshed. The military-industrial complex formed in the early stages of World War II can be thanked for this, as its extraordinary capacity for churning out weapons almost single-handedly preserved the Allied cause, and its ability to do so without exorbitant burden on the U.S. economy eventually won it the Cold War. Those who today consistently advocate cutting the defense budget in accordance with a policy of isolationism and pacifism and decry the profits made by military contractors would do well to remember the roots of America’s current superiority before making too rash a decision. Bibliography Walton, Francis. Miracle of World War II: How American Industry Made Victory Possible. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1956. Hickman, Martin B. The Military and American Society. Beverly Hills: Glencoe Press, 1971. Koistinen, Paul A.C. The Military-Industrial Complex: A Historical Perspective. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1980. Strachey, John. On The Prevention of War. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd., 1962.

Racism or Class Discrimination

Racism is an issue that has been prevalent within America for hundreds of years. We overcame slavery with the help of famous American leaders like Abraham Lincoln and fought for equal rights with the help of Martin Luther King Jr. Today we face the issue of a more discreet kind of racism- the kind of racism that is more felt than heard. A sales associate who may not ask a customer to leave because of the color of their skin, but follows the customer around the store to make sure he or she isn’t stealing is an example of discreet racism. This type of racism is harder to fight because it is harder to recognize than outward discrimination. It seems as though minorities, especially African-Americans, have a disadvantage from the time they are born. According to Leondar-Wright, â€Å"The median white family has more than $120,000 in net worth (assets minus debts), while the median black family has less than $20,000. † There are many reasons why black families’ net worth is so much lower than white families’, but among the most obvious reasons is discrimination. Children from low-income families tend to have more responsibilities than those from middle or high-income families. These responsibilities may take away from time spent on schoolwork. For example, if a fourteen year old must work to help pay household expenses because his or her parents are having trouble making ends meet, it is highly possible that time spent working could be taking away from time spent doing schoolwork. Even if a student does not have to work while in school, it is still possible that his or her parents (if the student is lucky enough to live with both their mother and father) work hours that would render him or her responsible for extended amounts of housework. Either way, it is likely that a low-income, minority student must work much harder than a middle or high-income student to achieve the same academic status. If and when African-American students are accepted into college, it is much harder for them to be granted a loan to help pay for their college education. Because loans are given based on current income to debt ratio, banks are more weary of lending money to low-income families for fear of not getting their money back. Even in college, many African-American students must work to support themselves, which takes up time. Time spent working, again is time that they could be using to study. Because of all the obstacles they face, African-American students must work much harder to accomplish the same achievements as white students. Once in the work place, whether it be after college or not, African-Americans still must work harder than Whites to attain the same level of success. Simply finding a job can prove to be a challenge for minorities. The old saying, ‘it’s not what you know, but who you know’ holds true for the job finding process. For many minority young adults, parents and relatives who may be able to assist in the job search have fewer connections than white families. Therefore, students from low-income families must work harder to find jobs than many students from white or middle-class families. Even the simple process of applying for a job proves to be yet another hurdle for minorities. In the essay ‘Institutional Discrimination’ by Robert Cherry, the term â€Å"statistical discrimination† is brought up. Statistical discrimination is referred to as â€Å"the process by which individuals are discriminated against when firms use group characteristics to screen individuals. † Because employers often have a large amount of applications to go through to fill one or just a small amount of positions, they often base their choices off ‘of group characteristics rather than individual information. ’ Because employers do not want to spend a lot of time screening potential candidates, they chose to discriminate against groups of people that, in their minds, are not as productive as others. According to a study by Irons and Moore, African-American workers tend to be left out of the â€Å"informal communications network. † This basically means they are left out of water cooler conversations that may provide valuable information to them pertaining to their work. The study also found that on average, it took much longer for African Americans to be promoted than their White co-workers, and that â€Å"They had to demonstrate over and over and over again that they were worthy of promotion. (Cose 78) Overall, the study found that success came later, harder, and at a lower degree for Blacks than Whites in America. Another point mentioned in Coses’ ‘Rage of a Privileged Class’ is something called the â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† (Cose 88), which basically states that performance is greatly based on expectations. For example, if someone believes they are expected to perform well at a particular task, they will most likely perform better than if he or she is expected to perform poorly. This concept can easily be applied to the classroom setting. If a teacher expects her white students to perform better than her minority students, this can have a great effect on her student’s performances. While racism is still an issue in the United States today, the main problem can be traced to the issue of class discrimination. The majority of minorities come from low-income families; â€Å"Poverty rates for Blacks (at 24. 3%) in 2006 were 16. 1% higher than Whites (at 8. 2%). † (H. T. Edney) Once born into a lower class family, your life will be filled with uphill battles and constant struggle. Lower class citizens are discriminated against everywhere in the United States. Banks hesitate to lend money to low-income students going to college, even though they must work harder to get into college than upper class students. Because they must work harder, low income students are more likely to appreciate the opportunity given to them and less likely to take advantage of any help he or she may receive along the way. If you are a lower-class African-American reading this essay, you may be wondering who today’s Martin Luther King Jr. ill be, or if there will be anyone from our generation who will pioneer for your rights. On the other hand, if you are a white, upper-middle class person reading this essay, you may not find racism to be an especially important issue in our society today. No matter your particular situation it is an inarguable fact that the socioeconomic class you are born into will become the chief factor in determining how far you will be able to go in life. Whether this is a good thing or not, may be up for some debate.

Look at Macbeth’s Monologue in Act III Scene I, what do we learn about Macbeth? Essay

In Macbeth’s monologue in Act III Scene I, we learn a lot about Macbeth’s insecurities. He tells us that he does not feel safe on the throne because of the witches’ prediction that Banquo’s children will be kings. He fears Banquo because Banquo is brave, and he represents good and he would not approve of how Macbeth obtained the crown, we can see Banquo’s suspicions earlier in this scene when he fears that Macbeth has â€Å"played’st most foully† for the crown. He says that Banquo is clever and as long as Banquo is around, Macbeth will live in fear of him. Macbeth then talks about how the witches have predicted that Macbeth will have no children and his crown is â€Å"fruitless†, and he has a â€Å"barren sceptre† meaning that he will not pass on his crown to anyone in his family. He then says that he only murdered Duncan for Banquo’s children, as they will be the next kings, and it was only for them he gave his soul to the devil and only for them he has become a more evil and treacherous man. He then asks for fate to be kind. This is a clear change in Macbeth’s character here, earlier in the play he was described as â€Å"disdaining fortune† in battle, which means that he did not worry about fate or fortune, he just fought bravely against the odds, but now we see that Macbeth has come to rely on fortune and beg for it to be kind to him. In this monologue Macbeth reveals that he is probably going to kill Banquo and Fleance, Banquo’s son. Earlier in the scene he asked how Banquo was going to get to the banquet at Macbeth’s palace and if Fleance would be going with him. He wants to kill Banquo to stop himself going mad with fear of the witches’ prediction about Banquo â€Å"having kings†. He realises that this may mean that one of Banquo’s children may kill him to become king. He wants to kill Banquo and Fleance, as that will stop Banquo’s line of descendants as Fleance is Banquo’s only son and then Macbeth will be safe in the crown. We can also see that Macbeth is a very insecure person and is especially insecure as a king. He will go to any lengths to make sure that he remains king, even murdering his best friend and his best friend’s son. There are some hints I this passage that Macbeth is going slightly mad. He says that he ahs â€Å"filed his mind†, which means that has corrupted his mind or has gone a bit crazy, by killing Duncan. In this monologue we see some of Macbeth darkest and deepest thoughts. He has changed from the brave, loyal and honourable man that we first were introduced to him as by the dying captain to a man that is willing to murder innocent men for power, and a man that is haunted by predictions made by some old women.

How to Write Narrative Paragraphs in English

How to Write Narrative Paragraphs in English Narrative paragraphs are often used to describe what a person does over a period of time. Read this example narrative paragraph, notice how words like later are used to connect what happens. Yesterday evening I got home from work at 6 oclock. My wife had painstakingly prepared a delicious  dinner which we ate immediately. After I had cleaned up the kitchen, we watched TV show which had been recommended by my friend. Then, we got dolled up for a night on the town. Our friends arrived at about 9 oclock and we chatted for a while. Later, we decided to visit a local jazz club and listen to some bebop for a while. The mad musicians really blew their horns. We really enjoyed ourselves and stayed late only leaving after the band had played their final audacious set.   Tips on Tenses Use the  simple past for succession of events: Narrate with the simple past tense when events follow each other. here are some examples. Notice that each event occurs in succession. I got up and went to the kitchen. I opened the door and looked into the fridge.She arrived in Dallas, took a cab, and checked in to her hotel. Next, she had some dinner in a restaurant. Finally, she visited a colleague before she went to bed. Use the  past continuous for interrupted actions: To express that an action is interrupted, use the past continuous to describe what was happening when there was an interruption. Use the past simple with the action that interrupts what was happening. Finally, as we were discussing the issue, the teacher walked into the classroom. Obviously, we stopped talking immediately.Sharon was working in the garden when the telephone rang. Use the  past perfect for previous actions: To express something that was finished before another event in the past, use the past perfect. This is especially useful when providing an explanation for what happened. We decided to go out and celebrate because we had just finished remodeling our home.Janet didnt join us for dinner as she had already eaten. Use the  past perfect continuous for the length of actions: The past perfect continuous is used to express how long something had been happening up to a point in time in the past. We had been hiking for more than ten hours and it was time to call it a day.She had been nagging him for months to get a better job when he finally was hired. Linking Language Starting sentences with a time expression: Start sentences with linking phrases such as Then, Next, Finally, Before that, etc. to connect sentences and show time relationships in your narrative writing.   First, we flew to New York on our great adventure. After New York, we moved on to Philadelphia. Then, it was on to Florida for some scuba diving.After breakfast, I spent a few hours reading the newspaper. Next, I played softball with my son.   Use time clauses to show relationships in time: Use before, after, as soon as, etc. to introduce a time clause. Pay special attention to the use of tenses with time clauses. Begin a sentence with a time clause, but use a comma before the main clause. OR Begin with the main clause and end with the time clause using no comma. After we had finished our homework, we watched a funny movie.They attended a meeting as soon as they arrived in Chicago.   Descriptive Language   When writing a narration, its a good idea to include descriptive language to help readers get a feeling for what happened. Here are some suggestions on how to make your writing more descriptive. Use adjectives to modify nouns. Nothing is more boring than a sentence such as  We went to the store.  Its easy to modify  store  to be more precise as well as descriptive.  We went to a big box electronics store  is much more interesting.   They bought a car. - They bought a used red Italian car.She planted a tree. - She planted a young oak tree. Use prepositional phrases such as in the corner  and  across from the bank  to give an idea of where something happens, as well as the relationships between objects. After we arrived, we were shown to our table at the back of the restaurant.The car was parked around the corner on the other side of the street.   Use relative clauses to further describe and provide information about important details in your narration. After that, we enjoyed a tasty glass of wine which was grown locally.Next, we took the car which we had rented in Los Angeles and drove to San Francisco.   Written Exercise - Using Past Verbs and Prepositions Write out the following sentences on to a piece of paper to form a paragraph based on the narrative paragraph above. Conjugate each verb in the past and provide the correct prepositions. Yesterday evening Jack _____ (get) home _____ (preposition) half past five.He immediately _____ (make) himself a cup _____ (preposition) coffee and _____ (sit down) to read a book.He _____ (read) the book _____ (preposition) half past seven.Then, he _____ (make) dinner and _____ (get ready) to go out with his friends.When his friends _____ (arrive), they _____ (decide) to go out to see a film.He _____ (stay out) until midnight with his friends.Finally, he _____ (fall) asleep _____ (preposition) about one oclock. Written Exercise - Making Your Writing More Interesting Rewrite the following sentences using descriptive language to spice up your writing.   After that, the man went home.  Later, we drove to a restaurant.  He had finished the report before I gave the presentation.  The children attended the class.My friends asked for help.   Adding Linking Language Exercise Now that you have a good feeling for the form of a narrative paragraph. Fill in the gaps in this paragraph providing appropriate linking language to complete the paragraph. _________ I drove my rusty old car to visit my best friend. _______ I arrived, he had done his best to prepare a tasty meal. ________, we took a long walk through the park next to his home. __________ we had been out for more than an hour, my friend asked me if I could keep a secret. _________, I swore not to tell anyone anything. _________ he recounted a wild tale of a crazy night out on the town __________. ________, he told me he had met the woman of his dreams and that they were to get married ___________. Imagine my surprise!

Fear and William Douglas Essays

Fear and William Douglas Essays Fear and William Douglas Essay Fear and William Douglas Essay What is the ‘misadventure’ that William Douglas speaks about? William Douglas speaks about the ‘misadventure’ that when he was ten or eleven years old, a bruiser of a boy tossed him into the deep end of the YMCA pool. He was almost drowned but later luckily saved. After that incident he had the fear of water haunting his mind. 2. What were the series of emotions and fears that Douglas experienced when he was thrown into the pool? What plans did he make to come to the surface? When Douglas was thrown into the pool, he was frightened but alert. He retained his wits and focused on the solution rather than on the problem. He worked out a strategy to save himself by jumping from the bottom of the pool, coming next to the surface like a cork, lying flat on it and getting to the edge of the pool for safety. 3. How did this experience affect him? His experience at the YMCA pool affected him so badly that he feared water and avoided it as long as he could. It ruined his fishing trips, boating and swimming. 4. Why was Douglas determined to get over his fear of water? Douglas was determined to get over his fear of water to enjoy fishing, boating and swimming. Wherever he went, the haunting fear of water followed him. 5. How did the instructor â€Å"build a swimmer â€Å"out of Douglas? The instructor put a belt around Douglas attached with a rope that went through a pulley and held the other end of the rope. When the instructor relaxed his hold on the rope, Douglas went under water and became more afraid. Then he held him on the side of the pool and made him kick with his legs. Thus the instructor built a swimmer out of Douglas. 6. : How did Douglas make sure that he conquered the old terror? Douglas made sure that he conquered the old terror, the far of water by swimming two miles across Lake Wentworth in New Hampshire to Stamp Act Island. Further he swam the whole length to the shore back of Warm Lake to confirm that he had conquered his fear of water. 7. How does Douglas make clear to the reader the sense of panic that gripped him as he almost drowned? Describe the details that have made the description vivid. When Douglas was thrown into the YMCA pool he was totally frightened but did not lose his wits. He felt that the depth of the pool nine feet were more like ninety and his lungs were ready to burst before he touched the bottom. He feared and suffocated and tried to cry for help but no sound came out. His hands and legs became stiff and blackness swept over his brain. 8. How did Douglas overcome his fear of water? Douglas overcame his fear of water by hiring an instructor to learn swimming in a phased manner. The instructor put a belt around Douglas attached with a rope that went through a pulley and made him kick with his legs. It took Douglas three months to overcome his fear of water. 9. 10.

Problems That Employees And Employers Face And Possible Solutions - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Problems That Employees And Employers Face And Possible Solutions - Smart Custom Writing Management of Information Systems and Corporate EthicsIn the business world, every organization has its mission, vision and defined goals. Today, the world is in a digital era, and organizations utilize automated Information Technology   (IT) systems to manage and protect information, reduce risk thus achieve their mission. Management Information Systems refers to the use of particular systems to give managers reports on their current and past operations. This helps the management in decision-making, and problem solving. The use of a good IT system can make an organization adhere to its corporate ethics and avoid scandals. The following summary of an article reflects the role of Information Technology Systems, Management of Information Systems in helping an organization to meet its corporate ethics, and responsibilities while adhering to the federal rules, and regulations. The essay also shows the role of the chief information officer in leading an organization towards achieving it s objectives. In the article, Business Ethics: Steering Clear of Scandal, Mary Pratt illustrates how IT leaders can aid their companies to avoid ethical problems. In the current digitalized era, the IT staff at Texas Health Resources Inc. is obligated to help in technical functions, meet its ethical standards, and comply with rules and regulations. According to the Deputy Chief Information Officer at the organization, Michael Alverson, the system should eliminate unethical behaviors and promote corporate ethics (Pratt 1). According to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, the medical records of a patient should be kept private. The records should also be easily accessible to the doctors, nurses, caregivers and the patient. The system should ensure that cases of malpractices where unauthorized information access can endanger the life and privacy of a patient are blocked. IT employers at this nonprofit healthcare organization have to comply with certain ethical standards. There are clear-cut organization policies that prohibit them from taking gifts so that they can influence decision-making in the procurement system. Procurement has to get to purchase an IT system that helps in meeting the quality, and the needs of the organization. If the organization has to procure a new system, they have to seek the Business Ethics council. The policies of ethics dictate that a company has to do the right thing. This means that they have to adhere to certain values like environmental sustainability, commit themselves to the community, and this can help employers to work. The ethics play a great role in enabling a company to meet rules and regulations of the federal government, meet the consumer and employee demands while ensuring profitability. Mike Distelhost, a law professor at Capital University Law School says that, the objectives of corporate ethics can be met appropriately only if an organization decides to use a good technological system (Pratt 2). The involvement of IT experts in policy making greatly contribute to the corporate strategy. They often know the capabilities, and weaknesses of a system, and how scandals should be blocked. The Executive Director of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, Kirk O. Hanson, says that system should be able to monitor information access to avoid violation of company policy (Pratt 2). Unauthorized information access can lead to the downfall of an organization. It is important to note that the system should be designed in a way that guarantees authorized accessibility, and at the same time identify any attempt to breach it. It is possible for organizations to get systems that can effectively analyze customer satisfaction after surveys have been carried out. This can help to reveal worker’s compliance to business and organizational ethics. An organization can also design a system that enables it to screen the values of its business partners like subcontractors. This can help to eliminate malpractices like bribery. Today, the world is coming to terms with global warming, an organization should get a system that enables it to track its energy use and indicate inefficiencies. IT leaders especially the Chief Information Officer should act as a bridge, and help organizations to get a system that helps them to meet their social responsibility programs, and comply with business ethics. Intel Corp. can best illustrate this. According to its CIO, Diane Byrant, the company has an Ethics and Compliance Oversight Committee. This committee is based on the five key principles of both the workers and the company. These are the Company should carry out business both with integrity, and with honesty; Intel and its workers should comply with the law; employees should treat each other with fairness; employees should not engage themselves in conflicts of interest with the organization, and they should protect the reputation and assets of the company (Pratt 3). The IT staff at Intel has built an IT system that helps the company to meet this requirement. This has made it accountable in accordance to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. There are also workers who handle documentation systems, and retain records, which is extremely essential in legal cases. Intel’s IT systems have enabled it to implement its corporate values. They have a system that enables them to scrutinize their suppliers to ensure that their ethical values and standards meet with those of Intel. At its data centers, the organization has excellent systems that monitor energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and aim at controlling the hazardous effects of global warming (Pratt 3). The organization has systems that will check for any improper behavior like the leaking of Intellectual Property to the public. In general, the organization has used solutions that aid in protection of its basic five principles, says Byrant. CIO’s should be at the forefront in building and implementing such systems instead of receiving orders from the executive management. Information management does not involve blocking of certain websites that may risk a company’s future and profitability. It should have systems that support daily activities of an organization, its business ethics, and responsibility programs. This article illustrates the need of Management of Information Systems in an organization. It shows the significance of the CIO in helping an organization to formulate and meet its strategic long and short-term goals. The CIO controls the implementation of technology so that the organization can have increased access to vital information, and integrated management of systems. In general, the CIO plays a key role in implementing practices, and processes that ensuring that information flows freely throughout the organization. This article has highlighted the benefits of MIS. Organizations structures have aligned themselves to meet with the demands of information management. Managers are able to have supervised their employees in an efficient manner, and in less time than before. These systems have led to a decentralized system of decision making without losing the awareness of an organization’s management. Organizations are able to divide themselves into distinct units, effectively utilize information and thus cut down costs and reduce unnecessary complexities.   In conclusion, the management of information dictates the profitability of an organization. It is easy to know who made a certain decision or action. The incentive system should be used to determine how the decision-maker should be rewarded or punished depending on the outcome of his or her action. IT can cut expenditures involved in processing and transferring both quantitative and qualitative organization. A good example is the manual trading of stocks on the conventional trading floors. A lot of money was spent on hiring brokers. The use of â€Å"screen-based† systems has saved resources in share trading. In the business world today, the information systems are the key to survival and profitability. Work Cited Pratt, K. Mary. Business Ethics: Steering Clear of Scandal. CIO. 2009. Web. 18 Nov 2010.

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection Assignment

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection - Assignment Example Berkeley. He convinced the civil engineering chairman at the time to allow for the advanced degree; â€Å"Isn’t it about time that we should start awarding Ph.D.s?†1. In addition to teaching, Egor enthusiasm for engineering led him to work in various exciting positions as an engineer, including E.F. Rudolph, Martin Pohl, Bill Mellema and Southwest Portland Cement Company. Furthermore, as a researcher, Egor took thirty years to pursue the subject of seismic design which was not known to many. As he puts it; â€Å"I undertook an extensive exploration of this difficult problem†2. Secondly, Egor was highly adaptable. This trait is well brought out during his early years as a child. Having been born in Russia, Egor had to endure harsh conditions as a child, partly brought about by the war in Russia. For instance, he and the family had to live on the Hospital Train where his father worked. As he says, they were there for â€Å"two-and-a-half years.† Egor had to live in other places including Hailar, Pogranichnyy, and Harbin before settling in San Fansciso. As a practicing engineer, his ability to adapt to new environments and challenges was put to the test. He worked in various firms in various capacities. Each of these positions brought with them their own unique set of challenges. He worked in more than ten firms as an engineer holding various positions. For example, while working at Bill Mellema in Los Angeles as a seismic designer, Egor was involved in a number of designs and analyses. He notes that work â€Å"varied in complexity; some was in steel , and some in reinforced concrete†3. Furthermore, his ability to adapt to new and challenging environments played an important role in his teaching and research career. For instance, in his early career in teaching at Berkeley, Egor was required to teach three courses to classes some with an enrolment of more than 100 students. He however managed to adapt to this challenge, and even at some point memorizing

Bonaventures art - Christian artists Assignment

Bonaventures art - Christian artists - Assignment Example The essay "Bonaventure’s art - Christian artists" discovers Christian artists and focuses on the art of Bonaventure. Bonaventure strived to have a personal meeting with Francis’ companions; still alive as early as in 1260. Although Bonaventure really sought for the Saint’s companions, it is hard for one to conclude that Bonaventure’s intention was to present a trustworthy figure of Francis the Saint. A school of theology has argued that Bonaventure’s effort was to realize a theological history, that made him an icon of Francis’ background; this was the Bonaventure’s intended paint; â€Å"a stigmatized saint.† Additionally, Bonaventure brings out Francis as the founder of â€Å"a new religious order.† He also presents a conformity image between Francis the Saint and Christ. According to Bonaventure, St.Francis had a visionary experience while praying on top of a mountain in alone. During the experience, St.Francis was impr inted the wounds of Christ at the crucifixion; Christ’s wounds were referred to as the stigmata, while the experience the stigmatization. Consequently, Bonaventure a Franciscan’s leader wrote about St.Francis, and thereby making St.Francis canonical. This piece of work can also be analyzed by dividing it into three sections: foreground, middle-ground, and the background. Every figure, symbolically communicates to the observer. Additionally, the positioning of each figure is an important attribute of the artist. The wall painting and the panel painting reveal similar features.

Student in University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student in University - Essay Example As scholars say, time is a valuable resource, a distinguishing factor between success and failure. From this assertion, time management is the solution to this ever-lasting problem. Though a common phrase, the manner in which the strategy to manage time is laid dictates the end result. An ordinary behavior in many campuses around the globe is that tutors and professors dispatch course outlines and assignments at the beginning of the semester. To many students, this issue does not work to their favor since it encourages idleness. To the contrary, its advantages are more. It is from this that my strategy to strike a balance is derived. To begin with, each student need to create their own calendar from the tutor’s but subdivided in to 3 parts. The first should be a semester-long calendar. This calendar should track every important activity throughout the semester and expected deadline hence planning ahead is enhanced. A weekly calendar should follow. This weekly helps the student note when they are free within the week and make possible arrangements for any ongoing commitment. Lastly, the student should prepare a daily to-do list. In this, prioritization is encouraged. The student should check on what should be completed first with well stipulated and strict deadline. Implementation of this strategy can go a long way in enhancing proper use of time. one evident advantage is the fact that the students understands the need for slotting time to socialize and have fun, and knows when exactly to do that. For the reason, the automate result is a stroke balance between education and social

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America Essay

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America - Essay Example rench rule was mostly based on assimilation and spread of Christianity where many people moved to France while the French moved to nations which they colonized. Spanish imperials were different from the British imperial since they relied more on signing treaties and agreements with the residents to gain certain possessions or material wealth from certain regions. The paper attempts to outline the differences in colonial nature of British, Spanish and French in America. The French colonization process was different from that of Spain and British. The rivalry in gaining superiority among colonies led France to establish colonies in North America, India and the Caribbean. From 1830-1884, France was involved in establishing colonies in various nations especially in North America and it was accompanied by spread of Catholic religion2. First, France started trading with such countries and it would take purchased materials and manufactured items to the motherland and it also spread its language through interactions with these countries. French also ensured that the moral mission was being spread through Christianity. In 1884, Jules Ferry who was the leading colonial master declared that the superior races had a duty to civilize the lower races through assimilation. France sent large numbers of its citizens in North America and became a powerful force in the region and also in Paris3. The British was a strong force and superior colonial power since 1707 when the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed. The colony was the largest empire and it involved domination against other colonies, protectorates, colonies, territories and mandates that was administered through colonies4. The British colonies and kingdom had spread and comprised of one-fifth of world’s population and the empire covered almost quarter of the world’s total land. The British rule also dominated the Northern America The British imperial was marked by use of various approaches such as church and colonial

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Essay Example Expressionism took many forms including theatre, cinema and art (www.artmovements.co.uk). Other movements including Fauvism, Post- Impressionism and Impressionism heavily influenced the art itself. However Expressionism evolved beyond all those, incorporating many of the elements of each type but also imparting extreme violence and exaggeration of brushstrokes, as well as harsh and intense colour to the canvas in order to convey their personal emotional response to the scene. In 1880 two events took place that led to the rise of Expressionism. The first was the unification of Germany and all its controlled states into a single federation or empire by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk). This resulted in the appointment of Wilhelm II, the King of Prussia, (Germany's biggest state) to the position of Emperor of Germany. Wilhelm's governance and his policies led to social and political unrest in the empire and eventually led to World War I. Kirchner was born in Aschaffenburg, the son of a chemist in the paper industry. Though his parents encouraged his artistic tendencies they did not consider it a profession and after his schooling, his parents sent him to an architecture course in a Technical College in Dresden (http://tigtail.org). While there he formed an artists group with two other students, Heckel and Schmidt- Rotluff. They called themselves Die Brucke, literally, The Bridge. They considered themselves to be a bridge from the old set ways into the future of art and society in Germany. Kirchner was the driving force of this group and his work endures as a striking commentary on German society at the time. His most famous works as his art developed were those belonging to his "Streetwalker" series. Two of those paintings, Potsdamer Platz (1914) and The Street (1913) will be discussed as an example of how the period in which he lived influenced him. In order to fully comprehend the import of his work it is also necessary to understand the time in which he lived. Germany from 1880 to the time of the Great War was undergoing great turmoil on several fronts. Firstly it was a time of immense expansion on an industrial and technological front (Myers and Praeger, p11). Artists all over Europe were invigorated by this infusion of modernity. However Germanys unified empire was beginning to crack. After the appointment of Wilhelm as Kaiser there was a growing rift between the Emperor and his Chancellor Bismarck on various issues of social policy and he finally forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. With the dismissal of the Chancellor Wilhelm forced the passing of several policies that were completely unsuitable for a technologically developing nation (www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures). He also adopted political stands that led to the development of World War I. On the social front things were not much better in Germany during this period. Women's rights were virtually unheard of; women were unable to vote until quite late, they had very few legal financial rights and job opportunities and marriage and children were the only way for a respectable woman

Theories of Teaching and Learning through Mentoring Essay

Theories of Teaching and Learning through Mentoring - Essay Example This can be within the context of education as a societal institution or more broadly as the process of human existential growth, i.e. how it is that our understanding of the world is continually transformed via physical, emotional, cognitive and transcendental experiences. Plato is the earliest important educational thinker. He saw education as the key to creating and sustaining his Republic. He advocated extreme methods: removing children from their mothers care and raising them as wards of the state, with great care being taken to differentiate children suitable to the various castes, the highest receiving the most education, so that they could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. Education would be holistic, including facts, skills, physical discipline, and music and art, which he considered the highest form of endeavour. For Plato the individual was best served by being subordinated to a just society. Platos belief that talent was distributed non-genetically and thus must be found in children born to all classes moves us away from aristocracy, and Plato builds on this by insisting that those suitably gifted are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. What this establishes i s essentially a system of selective public education premised on the assumption that an educated minority of the population are, by virtue of their education (and inborn educability), sufficient for healthy governance. Plato should be considered foundational for democratic philosophies of education both because later key thinkers treat him as such, and because, while Platos methods are autocratic and his motives meritocratic, he nonetheless prefigures much later democratic philosophy of education. This is different in degree rather than kind from most versions of, say, the American experiment with democratic education, which has usually assumed that only some students should be educated to the fullest, while

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Essay Example Expressionism took many forms including theatre, cinema and art (www.artmovements.co.uk). Other movements including Fauvism, Post- Impressionism and Impressionism heavily influenced the art itself. However Expressionism evolved beyond all those, incorporating many of the elements of each type but also imparting extreme violence and exaggeration of brushstrokes, as well as harsh and intense colour to the canvas in order to convey their personal emotional response to the scene. In 1880 two events took place that led to the rise of Expressionism. The first was the unification of Germany and all its controlled states into a single federation or empire by the German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk). This resulted in the appointment of Wilhelm II, the King of Prussia, (Germany's biggest state) to the position of Emperor of Germany. Wilhelm's governance and his policies led to social and political unrest in the empire and eventually led to World War I. Kirchner was born in Aschaffenburg, the son of a chemist in the paper industry. Though his parents encouraged his artistic tendencies they did not consider it a profession and after his schooling, his parents sent him to an architecture course in a Technical College in Dresden (http://tigtail.org). While there he formed an artists group with two other students, Heckel and Schmidt- Rotluff. They called themselves Die Brucke, literally, The Bridge. They considered themselves to be a bridge from the old set ways into the future of art and society in Germany. Kirchner was the driving force of this group and his work endures as a striking commentary on German society at the time. His most famous works as his art developed were those belonging to his "Streetwalker" series. Two of those paintings, Potsdamer Platz (1914) and The Street (1913) will be discussed as an example of how the period in which he lived influenced him. In order to fully comprehend the import of his work it is also necessary to understand the time in which he lived. Germany from 1880 to the time of the Great War was undergoing great turmoil on several fronts. Firstly it was a time of immense expansion on an industrial and technological front (Myers and Praeger, p11). Artists all over Europe were invigorated by this infusion of modernity. However Germanys unified empire was beginning to crack. After the appointment of Wilhelm as Kaiser there was a growing rift between the Emperor and his Chancellor Bismarck on various issues of social policy and he finally forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. With the dismissal of the Chancellor Wilhelm forced the passing of several policies that were completely unsuitable for a technologically developing nation (www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures). He also adopted political stands that led to the development of World War I. On the social front things were not much better in Germany during this period. Women's rights were virtually unheard of; women were unable to vote until quite late, they had very few legal financial rights and job opportunities and marriage and children were the only way for a respectable woman

The Role of Engineer in Nation Building Essay Example for Free

The Role of Engineer in Nation Building Essay Why should a privileged person help an underprivileged person? As the definition suggests that the privileged person is someone who is having the special rights, advantages or immunities or having the rare opportunity to do something that brings particular pleasure. On the other hand the unprivileged person is someone who is not enjoying the same standard of living or rights as the majority of the people in the society. So in a socio economic point of view the presence of both the class cannot be ignored but with proper ratio. A society can’t only have one of the two to improve or else we can say the wheel of the society can’t be moved freely without the presence of the two but of course there should be a proper balance between these two. The law of the nature says that the stream flows from the top to bottom likewise the privileged person should come and hold the hand of the underprivileged person to move the society in a proper pace. Now it’s the time to think of the human values and morality of a human being if he/she is gifted with some advantages or right then it’s the duty of them to come and help the people who are deprived of. On the other hand the underprivileged person should be thankful and have sense of gratitude for the person whom he/she is grateful in any sense be it money, values or spiritualism. Even Mahatma Gandhi told this in another aspect such as: I want to write many new things but they all must be written on Indian state. I would gladly borrow from the west when I can return the amount with decent interest. So borrowing things from others is not a crime but one should not forget about to return with something greater to the person whom he/she is grateful to. This is a cycle of civilization and one can’t break the chain. The society is mixed with people and cultures, one should be aware of the fact that everybody is equally important and they should help each other to form a warm and healthy atmosphere to live for the next generations to come. Even the Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen in his book The Idea of Justice (2009) explained that ideal democracy demands to take from the rich and use honestly and wisely for the people. Moreover, Sen notes that in famines only a very small proportion of the population is affected—much less than 10%. Political pressure from this group alone would not be enough to force a democratic government to respond. It is the pressure from the non-suffering members of society that makes the difference. But if government officials in democracies don’t care about the starving unless they are threatened with a loss of power, why do members of the population who are not starving care about the starving? It seems that if compassion or solidarity moves non-starving citizens to advocate for famine victims, it would move government officials to respond to the famine. Even Bentham and Mill explained that west democracy instills an idea for the greatest good of the largest number. M.K.Gandhi denies the principle and said that it should be greatest good for all. So on a nutshell we can conclude that for maintaining a true democracy it is the need of an hour to help unprivileged people for the greatest good of the civilization.

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi)

Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Investment done by a foreign individual or company in productive capability of another country is what is meant by foreign investment. It is the movement of capital from the national border in such a way tat it grants the investor the total authority over the acquired asset. FDI generally transfers both physical capital and intangible assets such as technology among nations. As per standard growth theories, the major factors driving economic growth are capital accumulation and technological innovation. Foreign direct investment plays a major role in the economic development of the host nation. It acts as a launching pad to the economic, social, infrastructural, technological developments of many host countries. This is an age of globalised world economy and foreign direct investment is the major driving force behind the interdependence of national economies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FDI has a major role in taking the economy of the host country far ahead. The economically developing as well as the underdeveloped countries are dependent on the economically developed countries for financial assistance which would help them to achieve some financial stability. For the last twenty years any form of foreign direct investment has gained in a lot of capital knowledge and technological resources into the economy of a country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment is an essential and unavoidable part of national developmental plans. There are many positive aspects for FDI for which it is welcomed by all nations globally. It has become an integral tool for triggering economic growth for nations all over. FDI is well versed in utilizing human resource in the most effective way as a result of which high productivity is obtained. Foreign direct investment has gained popularity worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though most of the FDI flows is mainly based in the developed nations, it is very much crucial for developing countries as well (refer figure 1). As per the figure between 1990-2000 the aggregate wealth of the developing nations nearly became four times and its total trade volume shot over five folds, FDI flowing into the developing countries grew to18 times. Because of private direct investments, the involvement of developing countries in the global production network increased considerably.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment made drastic changes in the economy of the host country. The infrastructure of the host country increased considerably. Technological development was also made possible. The living standard of the common people of the host country also improved due to foreign direct investment. FDI turned as a boon to the host country as the growth and development made by it was splendid as it not only improved the economic conditions of the nation, it also could improve the social conditions. Again the health sector of the host country could also develop because of foreign direct investment. Types of FDI:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment can be classified into two types. They are Greenfield investment and Mergers and Acquisition. Greenfield investment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Direct investment by a foreign company or individual in new venture or expanding by constructing new facilities in the existing territories in the host country is known as green field investment. This type of FDI is done in developing countries like India where multinational companies build new organizations. Foreign companies even hire employees from the host countries there by creating job opportunities. Developing nations gives captivating offers like tax-breaks, subsidies and incentives to the foreign companies in order to attract them. Losing corporate tax is negligible when compared to advantages to FDI.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Benefits of Greenfield investment are several. In sourcing is done there by increasing employment opportunities .Also employees are paid more than those working in domestic firms. Foreign countries invest in Research and development as a result of which the technology of the host country increases .Knowledge is imparted to the disadvantaged sections also. They go on expanding business by putting in more capital investments. Nations human capital gets utilized there by boosting up economy. Mergers and Acquisition:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a primary type of foreign direct investment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mergers and Acquisitions take place when transfer of existing assets from a local firm to foreign firm is done. There are no long term benefits to the local economy. When control over assets and operations are transferred from host to foreign company, cross border acquisition takes place. When assets and operations from different nations are made to a single new legal entity, cross border merger takes place. Forbidden Territories:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign direct investment is not allowed in all sectors. In India it is restricted to certain areas such as Arms and ammunition, Atomic Energy, Railway Transport, Coal and lignite, mining of iron, manganese, chromium, gypsum, sulfur, gold, diamonds, copper, zinc etc. Certain other sectors may be restricted in other countries for FDI. Policies to promote economic development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several studies have been conducted regarding foreign direct investment and economic development. The results obtained from the studies were rather conflicting and not reliable. Some studies proved that the economic development in the host countries were only momentary. Certain studies show that there is no such effect. The linkage between the development and FBI is found confusing and the results differ for each country. Some studies find that there are benefits. As a consequence of foreign investment employees enjoyed greater salary that those working in the domestic field. Some did not study this benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies which I would recommend a host country government to adopt towards foreign investors in order to promote economic development are as follows.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Foreign investments are really an integral part of economic development of a host nation, particularly economically developing and economically under developed nations. So a host government should attract foreign direct investors to the country if they believe the project would bring positive outputs. For that the host government has to give interesting incentives, subsidies, tax cuts etc. There is large competition among nations to bring foreign investors home so that their country could develop in all terms. The host government has to prove the foreign investors correct too in order to bring more investments in the particular field and also as a result of which they make their mind to invest in other sectors also. The host country authorities can give training to both workers and managers; technological training so that foreign investors get attracted as there is supply of human resources. By adopting these methods if that particular investor succeeds, that succ ess will prompt another investor to the host country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Spillover benefits do exist, but not globally. Mainly those benefits are enjoyed by economically developing and under developed host nations. Every host country differs in its economy, human resource, technological advancements, educational quality, competition and its policies towards foreign direct investment (FDI).

In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations Essay example -

In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations    Many critics prefer the original ending to the revised version because it is the ending that Dickens himself decided to write without consulting anyone. Many people believe that since Bulwer-Lytton gave Dickens input on the second ending that it is not as true. Although Dickens may have inadvertently been plagiarizing, the original ending is the way that Dickens felt the novel should end, as opposed to the way Bulwer-Lytton felt it should end.    Another reason that the original is preferable is because it seems to flow better with the overall themes of the novel. One of these themes is how people expectations differ from reality. Pip's expectations never seem to be what he thinks they are. He does not inherit money from Miss Havisham, it is really from Magwitch. In this sense, the fact that Estella has remarried to someone other than Pip is just another case of such luck. Although he had always hoped to someday be with her, it will never happen and this ending closes that possibility forever. However, the revised ending leaves the possibilities open. Because of this, Dickens' text loses one of it's major themes. Since Pip and Estella may be together in the future, Pip's mistaken perceptions lose their point. Dickens was using Pip's mistakes as a way to show that people should not expect things from other people, which is what Pip does throughout the novel. He expects money from Miss Havisham, Estella to fall in l ove with him, and his life to be easy. However, life does not work that way, and in the original ending Dickens does not let fictional life work that way either. Most of the problems that Pip finds himself in are the results of hi... ...s loss, but the novel ends on an acknowledgment of the possibilities the future holds for Pip's redemption. However, such a theme also gives rise to a theme of separation. By this point in the novel, Pip had already lost touch with everything that was important to him as a young man. He had grown in a different direction than Joe and Biddy. He could never be with Estella, although the revised ending attempts to have them together. In this sense, Pip is completely cut off from everything that once gave him solace. His only hope for redemption lies in the hands of little Pip. If little Pip can "grow up a much better man than I (Pip) did" (435; ch. 58), then hopefully little Pip will not have to suffer as the older Pip has. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. 440-441.    In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations Essay example - In Defense of the Original Ending of Great Expectations    Many critics prefer the original ending to the revised version because it is the ending that Dickens himself decided to write without consulting anyone. Many people believe that since Bulwer-Lytton gave Dickens input on the second ending that it is not as true. Although Dickens may have inadvertently been plagiarizing, the original ending is the way that Dickens felt the novel should end, as opposed to the way Bulwer-Lytton felt it should end.    Another reason that the original is preferable is because it seems to flow better with the overall themes of the novel. One of these themes is how people expectations differ from reality. Pip's expectations never seem to be what he thinks they are. He does not inherit money from Miss Havisham, it is really from Magwitch. In this sense, the fact that Estella has remarried to someone other than Pip is just another case of such luck. Although he had always hoped to someday be with her, it will never happen and this ending closes that possibility forever. However, the revised ending leaves the possibilities open. Because of this, Dickens' text loses one of it's major themes. Since Pip and Estella may be together in the future, Pip's mistaken perceptions lose their point. Dickens was using Pip's mistakes as a way to show that people should not expect things from other people, which is what Pip does throughout the novel. He expects money from Miss Havisham, Estella to fall in l ove with him, and his life to be easy. However, life does not work that way, and in the original ending Dickens does not let fictional life work that way either. Most of the problems that Pip finds himself in are the results of hi... ...s loss, but the novel ends on an acknowledgment of the possibilities the future holds for Pip's redemption. However, such a theme also gives rise to a theme of separation. By this point in the novel, Pip had already lost touch with everything that was important to him as a young man. He had grown in a different direction than Joe and Biddy. He could never be with Estella, although the revised ending attempts to have them together. In this sense, Pip is completely cut off from everything that once gave him solace. His only hope for redemption lies in the hands of little Pip. If little Pip can "grow up a much better man than I (Pip) did" (435; ch. 58), then hopefully little Pip will not have to suffer as the older Pip has. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. 440-441.   

Global Positioning System :: Space Satellites Technology Essays

Global Positioning System Did you know that there are 24 GPS satellites in orbit at this moment? The 24 satellites cost an estimated $12 billion to build and launch. Each satellite weighs about 1,735 lb and takes 12 hours to orbit the Earth once. They are in orbit about 12,500 mi above the Earth. The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978 followed by the launching of the first Block 2 satellite, second generation of GPS satellites, in 1989. GPS stands for Global Positioning System, which is a worldwide radio navigation system. It is a network made up of 24 satellites which orbit the earth and allow a person to receive information about their location. These satellites will allow to pin point your exact location and calculate your coordinates. Now with the advancement in technology, you can make 6measurements of where you are to the nearest centimeter. So GPS allows to determine your precise longitude, latitude and altitude anywhere in the planet. GPS works through handheld GPS units which are easily available anywhere. Nowadays with the advancement in technology they are being used not only in ships and airplanes, but are now built into cars as well. This helps a driver if they get lost. As for the hand held units, they are great for hikers or those who travel on foot or bikes. It wont be soon before GPS will become as basic as telephones. As mentioned before, there is a network of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. It is required to have at least four of them above the horizon. Usually though, there are around eight satellite’s available. GPS works using these satellites to measure the distances between places by means of radio waves. Distance is calculated by the amount of time taken by signal to travel from satellite to receiver. This time can be calculated using two kinds of clocks. An atomic clock or an quartz clock. An atomic clock would be extremely precise for this operation, however with its high cost it is not feasible to use. So then with its high costs, atomic clocks are only employed in satellites.

Spanish vs. Ottomans

When empires expand, they all have a plan in mind on how and why they want to expand. It can differ from religious, wealth, or power reasons. It can also be with areas surrounding them or land far away. Simultaneously, empires can use similar military techniques, ways of keeping people in order, or ways of keeping up the economy. During the time of 1450 to 1800, the Spanish Empire and the Ottoman Empire responded to their empire building similarly in the idea that spreading their religion was their first focus, while there were differences in their social and economic values because their regions required them to be that way.The Spanish and the Portuguese originally originate from the Iberian Peninsula where Christianity was popular. In an attempt to expand, the Spanish sought after America. They look at it as a land they could conquest and convert over to Christianity. The Ottoman Empire, who was originally Turkish rising in the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, was founded under t he religion of Islam. The sole purpose was to take Islam further. However, when they expanded it wasn’t like a monarch anymore but the sultans just handed power over to warriors.That way they could spend time adding more people to the empire instead of just fixing the government. The Spanish, on the other hand, were more hands on. They created institutions, taxed the natives, and had forced labor going on. Their focus was geared toward making their empire stable enough that they could conquer more natives, not having to worry about the government. The main difference was that the Spanish were more hands on while the Ottoman’s concern shifted to status. Around the late Eighteenth century early Nineteenth century is when hierarchy became a major issue for Spanish while the Ottomans fell into place.For both, the ruling class, the Europeans for Spanish and the sultans for the Ottomans, was at the top of the hierarchy. Beneath there is where both empires differ. The Ottoman s had merchants and artisans beneath the sultans which was very uncommon. However, they gave much of the contribution of the arts for the Ottomans. They are the cause of shops being opened and public works being done that wouldn’t have been complete otherwise. On the other hand, the Spanish was more focused on your race and gender while still giving reference to your job.Whites were at the top having the dominant roles, mixed races such as mestizo and mulatto in the middle, and black people at the bottom. Their structure was made so that Europeans would constantly rule and that slaves could only do their job: work. That way no matter how many people were added on they’d have the foundation that the empire can build off of. Lastly, the Spanish and Ottomans focus on building the economy had two different focuses. While the Spanish were concerned with silver, gold, and sugar, the Ottomans were focused on expansion.When landing on Peru, the Spanish quickly created silver m ine. That led to labor work of people of lower class. This way the Spanish has a wide rule of people that can continue to grow the mining industry as long as they continue to bring in slaves. Granted that that system worked, the Spanish could now export silver in exchange for goods. It’s in Brazil where they got the sugar to exchange for slaves that continued to make their population increase. On the contrary, the Ottomans wanted warriors in charge. Under their control war and taking of nearby territory became focus.Janissaries, a group of an Ottoman army, got an increase in weapons which soon led them to dominating a lot of territory. Equally, both the Spanish and Ottomans went after an area they thought would be beneficial in growing. Ultimately, the Spanish and Ottomans had similar foundations while still being different. Both grew tremendously in their own way under their own religion. However, the empires ended because they were too focused on one area of the empire but not another. The Ottomans was with war and the Spanish with money. The important part was that both left a legacy behind.