The Neoclassical Organizational Theory Essay - 633 Words

The neoclassical organizational theory, which evolved as a reaction to the rigid, authoritarian structure of the classical organizational theory, focuses on the importance of human relations and behavior in the workplace (Docherty et al., 2001). According to the classical organizational theory, there is a single best method to designing an organization. Based on this theory, a manager must have close control over their subordinates, resulting in an organization with tall hierarchies and a narrow span of control (Scott, 1961). In contrast, the neoclassical organizational theory argues that both economic effectiveness and employee satisfaction should be priorities in an organization. Based on this theory, a manager should have loose control†¦show more content†¦The behavioral movement was designed to help employees find satisfaction in their jobs. The pioneers of the behavior movement, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor, Frederick Herzberg and David McClelland, all researched fo r ways to help motivate employees based on their individual skills, capabilities and needs (Hindle, 2008). In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor developed two contrasting theories on human motivation called Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X assumes that the average employee is lazy, has an inherent dislike for work and therefore, will try to do as little as possible and/or avoid it whenever possible (Hindle, 2008). Based on this assumption, managers must closely supervise and control their employees with a precise system of rewards and punishments. In contrast, Theory Y assumes that the average employee is not lazy and will do what is best for the organization when given the opportunity (Hindle, 2008). As a result, managers should develop a work environment that produces sufficient opportunities for employees to exercise initiative and self-direction. This approach of decentralizing authority should not only help increase their participation levels but also empower them to become personally invested in the success of the organization. After all, human beings haveShow MoreRelatedNeoclassical Organizational Theory: An Overview536 Words   |  2 PagesNeoclassical Organizational Theory: An Overview Neoclassical organizational theory was born around World War II. In a way, it could be viewed as reactionary to the classical organizational theory which developed earlier in the twentieth century as industry exploded. The rise of classical organizational theories had emphasized the organization as the machine and the workers as the gears (Yang, Liu, Wang, 2013). 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Definition of Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act, which became law as part of the Compromise of 1850, was one of the most controversial pieces of legislation in American history. It was not the first law to deal with fugitive slaves, but it was the most extreme, and its passage generated intense feelings on both sides of the issue of slavery. To supporters of slavery in the South, a tough law mandating the hunting, capture, and return of fugitive slaves was long overdue. Feeling in the South had been that northerners traditionally scoffed at the matter  of fugitive slaves and often encouraged their escape. In the North, the implementation of the law brought the injustice of slavery home, making the issue impossible to ignore. Enforcement of the law would mean anyone in the North could be complicit in the horrors of slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act helped inspire a a highly influential work of American literature, the novel Uncle Toms Cabin.  The book, which depicted how Americans of various regions dealt with the law, became extremely popular, as families would read it aloud in their homes. In the North, the novel brought difficult moral issues raised by the Fugitive Slave Act into the parlors of ordinary American families. Earlier Fugitive Slave Laws The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was ultimately based on the U.S. Constitution. In Article IV, Section 2, the Constitution contained the following language (which was eventually eliminated by the ratification of the 13th Amendment): No Person held to Service or  Labour  in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or  Labour, But shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or  Labour  may be due. Though the drafters of the Constitution carefully avoided direct mention of slavery, that passage clearly meant that slaves who escaped into another state would not be free and would be returned. In some northern states where slavery was already on the way to being outlawed, there was a fear that free blacks would be seized and carried off into slavery. The governor of Pennsylvania asked President George Washington for clarification of the fugitive slave language in the Constitution, and Washington asked Congress to legislate upon the subject. The result was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. However, the new law was not what the growing anti-slavery movement in the North would have wanted. The slave states in the South were able to put together a unified front in Congress, and obtained a law that provided a legal structure by which fugitive slaves would be returned to their owners. Yet the 1793 law proved to be weak. It was not widely enforced, partly because slave owners would have to bear the costs of having escaped slaves captured and returned. The Compromise of 1850 The need for a stronger law dealing with fugitive slaves became a steady demand of the slave state politicians in the South, especially in the 1840s, as the abolitionist movement gained momentum in the North. When new legislation concerning slavery became necessary when the United States gained new territory following the Mexican War, the issue of fugitive slaves came up. The combination of bills which became known as the Compromise of 1850  was intended to calm tensions over slavery, and it did essentially delay the Civil War by a decade. But one of its provisions was the new Fugitive Slave Law, which created a whole new set of problems. The new law was fairly complex, consisting of ten sections that laid out the terms by which escaped slaves could be pursued in the free states. The law essentially established that fugitive slaves were still subject to the laws of the state from which they had fled. The law also created a legal structure to oversee the capture and return of fugitive slaves. Prior to the 1850 law, a slave could be sent back to slavery by the order of a federal judge. But as federal judges were not common, it made the law hard to enforce. The new law created commissioners who would get to decide whether a fugitive slave captured on free soil would be returned to slavery. The commissioners were seen as essentially corrupt, as they would be paid a fee of $5.00 if they declared a fugitive free or $10.00 if they decided the person had to be returned to the slave states. Outrage As the federal government was now putting financial resources into the capture of slaves, many in the North saw the new law as essentially immoral. And the apparent corruption built into the law also raised the reasonable fear that free blacks in the North would be seized, accused of being fugitive slaves, and sent to slave states where they had never lived. The 1850 law, instead of reducing tensions over slavery, actually inflamed them. The author Harriet Beecher Stowe was inspired by the law to write Uncle Toms Cabin. In her landmark novel, the action does not only take place in the slave states, but also in the North, where the horrors of slavery were beginning to intrude. Resistance to the law created many incidents, some of them fairly notable. In 1851, a Maryland slave owner, seeking to use the law to gain the return of slaves, was shot dead in an incident in Pennsylvania. In 1854 a fugitive slave seized in Boston, Anthony Burns, was returned to slavery but not before mass protests sought to block the actions of federal troops. Activists of the  Underground Railroad  had been helping slaves escape to freedom in the North before the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. And when the new law was enacted it made helping slaves a violation of federal law. Although the law was conceived as an effort to preserve the Union, citizens of southern states felt the law was not enforced vigorously, and that may have only intensified the desire of southern states to secede.

Standards of Mgss Free Essays

STANDARDS FOR THE MDGs I TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover PageI Table of ContentsII BodyIII ReferencesIV II THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS What are MDGs? Following the adoption of the United Nations Millenium Declaration, the Millenium Development Goals was established in 2000. Because of its extensive goals, the MDGs are being assisted by government organizations in trying to achieve those goals, among them are the following: the United Nations Millenium Campaign, the Millenium Promise Alliance Inc. the Global Poverty Project, the Micah Challenge, the Youth in Action EU Programme, â€Å"Cartoons in Action† video project, and the 8 Visions of Hope global art project. We will write a custom essay sample on Standards of Mgss or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main goal of the MDGs is to effect development by improving social and economic conditions in the world’s poorest countries. These are derived from earlier international development targets, which were officially established after the Millenium Summit in 2000, where the United Nations Millenium Declaration was adopted. These MDGs were developed from the eight chapters of Millennium Declaration, which was signed in September, 2000. The effect was that developing nations were not seen as left to achieve the MDG goals by themselves, but rather as a partner in the developing-developed compact to reduce world poverty. There are eight goals with 21 targets, and a series of measurable health indicators and economic indicators for each target. However, there are still drawbacks in the MDGs which includes shortsightedness where analytical power is concerned and the justification behind the chosen objectives. Because of the joint responsibility of developing and developed countries for achieving the MDGs, the possibility of it becoming a success continuously increases and is still reinforced by their 189-country support. At present, there is no uniformity as far as progress towards reaching the goals is concerned. The goal of empowering women has progressed towards the MDGs, and there is a strong encouragement to increase emphasis on gended mainstreaming debelopment policies and collecting data based on gender. As a result, a major conference was held at the UN headquarters in New York on 20-22 September 2010 to review progress, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. There were new commitments on women’s and children’s health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide battle against poverty, hunger and disease. It is obvious that developed countries continuously provide aid for the achievement of the MDGs which have been rising over the recent years, and has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries. The Australian government itself committed to providing 0. 5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015-2016. One of the improvements provided by the MDGs is the provision of more health services to the developing countries. Researchers suggest that developed countries should treat global health inequalities and humanitarian issue being a part of national strategy. During the 2010 Summit, member states initiated steps towards advancing the Post-2015 Development Agenda and are now developing a process of open, inclusive consultations on the post-2015 agenda. Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon appointed 26 civil society, private sector, and government leaders from all regions to a high-level panel to advise on the global development agenda beyond 2015. An organization which aims to increase support to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and seek coalition for partners of action is the role of the United Nations Millennium Campaign. UN Goals is dedicated to spreading knowledge of the millennium goals through many different means by means of various internet and offline awareness campaigns. Ethical Bases for the Establishment of MDGs The Following are the eight goals of the MDGs: * Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; * Achieve universal primary education; * Promote gender equality and empower women; * Reduce child mortality; * Improve maternal health; * Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; * Ensure environmental sustainability; and * Develop a global partnership for development UNDP assists people at all levels of society in helping to build nations that can withstand crisis, and work for, and sustain the kind of growth for the improvement of the quality of life for everyone. The focus is to help countries to build and share solutions to achieve Poverty Reduction and the Millenium Development Goals, Democratic governance, Crisis Prevention and Recovery, Environment and Energy for Sustainable Development. In Uruguay for example, an extensive children’s health program has reduced rates of malnutrition, prematurity, low birth weight and other markers in the department of Canelones. In Darfur, Sudan, a rule-of-law programme is helping promote and improve equal access to justice. In China, farmers are being trained to adapt farming techniques to international trading standard, providing them with greater profits. In Brazil, eco-stoves that retain heat longer and are easier to oversee, provide indigenous people to lead healthier lives. According to the 2013 Human Development Report, there is a profound shift in global dynamics driven by the fast-rising new powers of the developing world and its long-term implications for human development. UNDP can be felt in more than 170 countries and territories and decades of concrete development experience in countries ranging from fragile States to middle-income countries like Brazil and Indonesia. These and other developments qualify the MDGs to answer the call for a better and more sustainable future. * Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger There is always the realization that in the midst of our comfort zones, the stark reality exists where in some parts of the world, people are living in extreme poverty. Much to the desire of those who have more, like the developed countries, still, it lowers the morale to see this extreme poverty manifested in different forms, like the number of displaced refugees that remain high, despite the repatriation in 2011. Achieve Universal Primary Education We cannot do away with the reality that young adolescents from poor and rural households are more likely to be out of school. Everyone has that moral obligation to solve the problem of others, even if we think they can also be capable of helping themselves. * Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women We know that there are already women representations in the governments of nations but it is a fact that the pace is slow. This MDG effort aims to answer the ethical question of gender equality. Reduce child Mortality Every child has a right to be born, nurtured and nourished until maturity. However, the fact remains that in some parts of the world, the rate of child mortality is alarmingly high. We are compelled to do our best to address this problem through the ethical basis of concern. We do exist not only for ourselves but for the less fortunate others as well. * Improve Maternal Health Women are the strength of society. Their health are most important so much so that they are the determinants of the rise and fall of any society. Their roles as mothers entail that they should be in their best of health. Thus, an ethical calling for maternal concern is likewise being answere by the MDGs. * Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases Universal concern suggests that humans should continue to sustain on earth. Thus, there is a need to improve advancements in medicine, health and technology. This is not a matter of ordinary necessity, but one of humanitarian consideration that should be inherent in each one of us. * Ensure Environmental Sustainability This is likewise another moral obligation that needs regular attention. * Develop a Global Partnership for Development Efforts to sustain development is not the job of a single organization. People of all ages from all walks of life must understand they should treat themselves as stewards of wealth and nature and thus, it is pertinent that each person must regard mimself or herself as a contributing partner to the goals of the MDG. REFERENCES * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg3/ * http://www. undp. rg/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg2/ * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview/mdg_goals/mdg1/ * http://www. undp. org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview. html * Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009. * http://www. oecd. org/dac/theoecdandthemillenniumdevelopmentgoals. htm * MDGs†. YouTube. Retri eved 2012-10-14. â€Å"Welcome to the Development Education online Depository! â€Å". Developmenteducation. nfo. * Subramanian, Savitha; Joseph Naimoli, Toru Matsubayashi, David Peters (2011). â€Å"Do We Have the Right Models for Scaling   Up Health Services to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals? â€Å". BMC Health Services Research  11  (336). *   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Goal  :: Improve Maternal Health†. Mdg Monitor. 2012-10-18. * â€Å"United Nations Millennium Development Goals†. Un. org. 2008-05-20. 2012-10-18 * â€Å"Goal  :: Develop a Global Partnership for Development†. Mdg Monitor. 2012-10-18 * â€Å"Goal: Tracking the Millennium Development Goals†. MDG Monitor. 1 November 2007. 2012-10-14. IV How to cite Standards of Mgss, Papers

Market Segmentation Strategy Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Market Segmentation Strategy Decisions. Answer: Introduction: Market segmentation is a process through which an organization divides the groups of buyers according to the marketcharacteristics and tendencies. The segmentation of the GoPro Camera is based on some factors- Demographic, Behavioral, Psychographic and geographical. Demographic segmentation signifies that the sales of the product depends on the type of consumers like GoPro targets men and women of middle age of 18-55years age and are interested in shooting their videos and desires to take close view of their activities. Manufacturing of products by targeting customers is based on the lifestyle, profession and occasion in the Psychographic segmentation. These people are sportspersons, skiers, divers, bikers, base jumpers and car racers by profession and can be used in any kind of sports and adventurous occasion where taking camera operator is not practically logical. Behavioral segmentation is based on the advantage of their small size and light weightiness and even can be fitted in t he wrist and the helmets of bikers. In context of the Geographical configuration, it is mostly inaugurate their stores in United States as this country emphasizes more on the sports events. he concerned organization also makes their niche segmentation on the social networking sites like YouTube and Instagram and Facebook. This depicts their User-Generated Content Strategyand it is evident that in the year 2014, GoPro reaches to a level of over 2,180,000 YouTube subscriber having the intentions to win the $1000 prize money and there are over 6000 daily uploads on YouTube, which makes the concerned organization to be the fifth biggest brand on YouTube. In addition to that, they also have over 7,680,000 Facebook fans and over 2,775,000 Instagram followers. Positioning Strategy GoPro organization implemented their marketing segmentation strategy that enable the concerned organization to best communicate their products' attributes to their target customers and also satisfy the competitive pressures along with carefully crafted key messages. Low-price strategy- The price of the camera is affordable like $200-$400 per camera, which is affordable with respect to their competitors. Camera Specification- GoPro Cameras are designed with mounting and fixtures that can withstand any high altitude temperature and high definition pictures can be captured. These cameras are lightweight, durable and malleable. GoPro camera has much better understanding of ISO and image depth that makes them unable to shoot under tough situation and weather like under the sea over the high altitude mountains. Competitors market value- Nikon, Olympus, Canon and Panasonic are competitors who manufacture camera that can shoot other video and natures click; however, GoPro emphasizes more on the camera that is designed to shoot nearby scenes that cannot be possible with other cameras. GoPro camera made a significant sale in their first year of sales that is of $350,000. Other competitors focus on the traditional market group but GoPro targets the sportsperson that provides the concerned organization a competitive advantage. Promotional strategy- In order to increase the loyalty of the brand, GoPro have implemented a strategy that of the video shot by their camera by an individual gets 1 million likes in YouTube then the person will get an attractive amount of $1000 (From the case study). They also have their fan following on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. Numerous loyalty programs and membership events are also conducted. The target markets as earlier defined are the sportsmen and women, skiers, scuba divers and mountaineers. Geographic segmentation comprises of the marketing mix strategy through which more customers can be aware of their products and more profitability can be attained and is comprises of- product, price, place and promotion. GoPro targets all gender people and their most of them prefers social networking sites and loves sports event. The education also plays a crucial role in the sales of their products and the target people that are being targeted are highly educated like high school or university graduate. Those individuals, who will successfully formulate a video by using their GoPro cameras their video, will be published in their Video of the Day on their website. Moreover, they also initiate the programs called GoPRo Hero 3+ Adventure Series where video shoot by this series camera are selected for the prize. In the year 2015, there are 475 Ambassadorsfor the brand GoPro. They have a huge range of products like GoPro HERO 4, GoPro HERO 4 session, GoPro HERO 4 Black, GoPro HERO 4 Silver, GoPro HERO 4 Standard edition, GoPro HERO 4 Silver Surf and other products having 4k@12fps resolution with an LCD screen. Competitors of GoPro do not match the price parity nor do they match them in the size and light-weightiness. There are certain features through which customers can select GoPro cameras over other DSLRs- High speed movies, external mic jack and connectivity with smart devices, thinner and less weight, waterproof and shockproof guarantee and wide focal length. High Speed movies- GoPro have the speed of 120fps in their silver edition cameras while Nikon do not match this speed. However, with respect to Canon, GoPro records the movie with a speed of 240fps. In the context of the higher resolution movies, where they offered 4000@12fps compared to 1080@30fps in Cannon 700D. External mic jack and connectivity with smart devices- This facility is only available in GoPro Cameras and the external device like Smartphone can be used as a screen and trigger for creative shoot. Thinner and less weight- GoPro Cameras is thin as 3sm while Nikons width is 7.4cm. Moreover, GoPro cameras weights only 88 grams even the smallest DSLR that is Canon 100D also weight five times more than the GoPro without its lens. The cannon camera is almost approximately 9.7x larger in size than GoPro camera. Thus, these cameras are easy to carry and easy to handle while an individual is on their trekking or travelling through the oddest roads. Waterproof and shockproof guarantee- GoPro cameras are waterproof as they are specially designed for sports and adventurous events. The benefit of the waterproof camera is that these cameras are also used for is ideal for your swimming pool and beach activities. Wide focal length- Professional event camera operators always look for a wide focal length camera so that a complete image can be shot. GoPro camera has a fisheye lens that can take shots approximately to 170 degrees. This lens can easily be transferred into ~12mm curvilinear lens. One of the competitors of GoPro is the Rokinon's that sells this facility in their camera for $500 while GoPro camera can be attained for $400. Customer Retention Programs- Apart from GoPRo Hero 3+ Adventure Series they have also initiate Lifetime Membership Program, which is based on the promotion of their new brand- GoWorx. These lifetime programs include Welcome Kit including a GoWorx T-shirt, free goodies and stickers. These members always get a 15% off all GoWorx brand products so that armature photographer gets an opportunity to create killer content. Moreover, HookUp Rewards Programis also a new entry, where members get automatic entry into every single GoWorx Giveaway for the lifetime. Reference List Banasik, Robert Michael. "Marketing Strategies Used by Specialty Photo Retailers to Grow Revenues." (2016). Barge-Gil, Andrs, and Alberto Lpez. "R versus D: Estimating the differentiated effect of research and development on innovation results."industrial and Corporate Change24, no. 1 (2015): 93-129. Berardinetti, Giulia. "The innovation in the photographic industry, from simple to adventurous: the GoPro case." (2016). Craft, Stephen H., and Salah S. Hassan. "Global consumer market segmentation strategy decisions and managerial assessment of performance." InRevolution in Marketing: Market Driving Changes, pp. 26-30. Springer International Publishing, 2015. Fien, Laura. "NFL Fans Response to Social Media Posts." (2014). Gopro Official Website - Capture + Share Your World - Homepage. 2016.Gopro.Com. https://gopro.com/. Hahn, Donna. "Innovation Dimensions in the Industrial Product Design Landscape: East vs. West Comparison Case Study." (2015). Hall, A., T. Conway, P. Betts, and C. Parker. "From economic man to connected consumers." In4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece, p. 53. 2016. Hungenberg, Eric, Dianna Gray, James Gould, and David Stotlar. "An examination of motives underlying active sport tourist behavior: a market segmentation approach."Journal of Sport Tourism(2016): 1-21. Ingwer, Patrick, Fabian Gassen, Stefan Pst, Melanie Duhn, Marten Schlicke, Katja Mller, Heiko Ruhm et al. "Practical usefulness of structure from motion (SfM) point clouds obtained from different consumer cameras." InSPIE/IST Electronic Imaging, pp. 941102-941102. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2015. McNamee, Roger, Glenn Evans, and Mark Richards Frederick. "Systems and Methods for Controlling Cameras at Live Events." U.S. Patent Application 14/218,529, filed March 18, 2014. McNamee, Roger, Glenn Evans, and Mark Richards Frederick. "Systems and Methods for Distributing Audio/Video Feed of a Live Event Via Satellite." U.S. Patent Application 13/840,913, filed March 15, 2013. Radeva, Svetla, and Dimitar Radev. "Brain-Computer Interface for Communication and Estimation of Human Emotion from EEG and Video."IJNCAA20 (2016): 9. Revella, Adele.Buyer Personas: How to Gain Insight Into Your Customer's Expectations, Align Your Marketing Strategies, and Win More Business. John Wiley Sons, 2015. Vlikangas, Liisa, and Michael Gibbert.Strategic Innovation: The Definitive Guide to Outlier Strategies. FT Press, 2015. Woodman, Nicholas D. "Camera housing." U.S. Patent D754,238, issued April 19, 2016.